James Russell Smith, Jr. (“defendant”) appeals the trial court’s judgment convicting him of the second degree murder of his wife’s two-year-old daughter, Amanda. We hold that the trial court erred in failing to grant defendant’s motion to dismiss because the State failed to present substantial evidence that defendant had the necessary malice to sustain a second degree murder conviction. Therefore, we reverse and remand.
*3The evidence presented at trial tended to show that on 21 November 1998, defendant married Angelene Smith (“Angie”). At the time of the incident in question, the couple had one child born of their relationship, and three other children (including Amanda) from prior relationships living with them. Because defendant worked first shift (6:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.) and Angie worked second shift (4:00 p.m. to 12:00 midnight), it was customary for defendant to care for the children while Angie was at work, and for Angie to care for the children while defendant was at work.
On Monday, 7 December 1998, Amanda was ill, and Angie left her in the care of defendant. On Tuesday, 8 December, Amanda threw up, and “defendant bathed and cleaned up Amanda.” Later, Angie noticed a bruise on Amanda’s forehead and asked defendant how it came to be. Defendant told Angie that Amanda fell off the toilet in the bathroom and bumped her head. On Wednesday, 9 December, Amanda was still ill. Angie cared for her during the day and left her in defendant’s care that evening. When Angie returned home after midnight that same night, she did not check on Amanda. After she and defendant went to bed, Angie got up during the early morning hours on 10 December and went to get her infant daughter, Angelica, bringing her back to bed with herself and defendant. Later, when the alarm clock rang at 5:30 a.m. for defendant to go to work, Angie woke defendant who then got up, got dressed, and after checking on Amanda, came back into the bedroom and told Angie that Amanda was dead. Both of defendant’s sons were also in the home the night of the incident.
At trial, the State asked Angie if she had ever noticed any bruises on Amanda and, if so, whether she had inflicted them. In response, Angie testified that the day before she married defendant she noticed “purplish” bruises on both of Amanda’s arms. She stated, “ [i]t looked like somebody had grabbed her.” Angie further testified that she noticed a yellow “bruise on [Amanda’s] butt[ocks]” a few days after the wedding. Angie also stated that she noticed Amanda’s “eyes were black and blue” on or about 3 December 1998. Angie stated that, although she asked defendant about the bruises on Amanda’s arms and buttocks, she did not ask about Amanda’s black eyes. She testified that she never inflicted any injuries on Amanda and that, aside from the bump on the forehead, these were the only bruises she had ever noticed on Amanda.
Angie further testified that the Department of Social Services (“DSS”) had intervened in her relationship with Amanda in response to a report that she abused Amanda by violently grabbing Amanda’s *4arm. However, as to this report of abuse, Angie testified that “[t]here is no evidence showing that I had done that at all. [DSS] was just assuming that I had grabbed her by her arm. I did not do that.” Angie did testify that prior to the time that defendant moved in with her she noticed “bruises on [Amanda’s] legs.” Angie told several people that she did not believe defendant hurt the child; however, Angie testified that at the time defendant told her of Amanda’s death, he stated, “they[’re] going to come and get [me].”
Kim Barkhurst, the DSS child abuse investigator, testified that she met Angie and defendant when she began investigating another DSS employee’s (Deana Smith) complaint of abuse against Angie. Ms. Barkhurst stated that Ms. Smith had filed a report of abuse against Angie in which Ms. Smith stated “not only had she seen [Angie] jerk [Amanda]’s arm, but . . . also . . . that she had seen [Angie] pop [Amanda] in the face and on the leg” while the two were in Ms. Smith’s office. Ms. Barkhurst further testified that Angie ignored Amanda during a visit to defendant and Angie’s home, and defendant seemed resentful of Ms. Barkhurst’s being there.
Lisa Mendez, one of Angie’s supervisors at work, testified that Angie called work on the morning Amanda died, sounding like her “normal self,” to say she would not be in to work that day. When Ms. Mendez asked why she was not coming to work, Angie said, “my baby’s dead.” However, Ms. Mendez further stated that Angie told her she had not checked on Amanda nor had she called 911. Ms. Mendez advised Angie to hang up the phone with her and to call 911. Ms. Mendez testified that she was disturbed by her conversation with Angie, and that she called the sheriff’s department that same day “asking to speak to someone that was in charge of the case.” Ms. Mendez “attempted] to report the phone call that [she] received or the things that [she] observed to the authorities[.]” However, when she “did speak to someone, . . . they told [her] they had all the information that they needed, thanks for calling.”
Molly Malden, another of Angie’s co-workers, testified that when she met Angie approximately one to two weeks after Amanda died, Angie “was real bubbly and giddy, and . . . reminded [her] of a teenager.” Ms. Malden further testified that she never saw Angie upset about Amanda’s death even though she and Angie spent a great deal of time together. Ms. Malden testified that Angie would get upset only when a police officer or detective would come by her job and talk to her. Ms. Malden testified that, after such incidents, Angie would say “that she was going to go to jail, or she was going to be *5arrested. . . . They were going to come and take her on her job and take her to jail.” Ms. Malden further stated, “they thought that she was guilty of having something to do with the — with the death of the child.” The one time Ms. Malden saw Angie dressed up, Angie said that “she was celebrating” and that “she had made some decisions, that she was going back to school, she had signed over custody to Social Services to have her [other] baby adopted, and that she was getting on with her life, that it was time for her to do that.”
Christina Alexander (one of Angie’s neighbors) testified that she met Angie in February 1997 and that they became friends, spending a great deal of time together with their children. It was her perception that Angie and Amanda had a good relationship at times. However, Ms. Alexander noted that sometimes Angie would mistreat Amanda by slamming her down on the couch, yanking her by the arms, or smacking her in the face. Also, she noted that Amanda would have bruises on her upper arms and legs. Finally, she testified that Angie would treat Amanda this way when she became angry and not for disciplinary reasons. Ms. Alexander had contacted DSS about Angie’s treatment of Amanda.
Deana Smith was Angie’s case worker at the Alamance County Social Services office. Ms. Smith made the initial call to Child Protective Services after a visit with Angie and Amanda at her office in August 1998 for a case review. During that meeting, Amanda began acting up and Ms. Smith observed Angie jerk Amanda by the arm, pop her on the mouth, and slap her on the leg. Ms. Smith testified that Angie seemed frustrated and angry with Amanda and that they did not have a normal mother-child relationship.
On cross-examination by the State, Ms. Smith admitted that Amanda would not obey Angie and acted in an uncontrollable manner. Furthermore, she agreed that the only way for Angie to keep Amanda under any semblance of control was for her to grab and hold onto Amanda. Finally, Ms. Smith testified that she did not notice any bruises on Amanda, despite the fact that Amanda was wearing an outfit that left her arms and legs bare, and that she would have noticed if there had been any bruises due to Amanda’s close proximity in the office.
Dr. Thomas Clark, the forensic pathologist who performed the autopsy on Amanda, testified for the State that during his external examination of Amanda he found “bruises of varying ages distributed over the body from the top of the head to the legs, and even one on *6the foot.” “The shape and distribution of the bruises was [sic] often in a pattern suggestive of an adult hand.” Regarding his internal exam of Amanda, Dr. Clark stated that the brain was bloody and that “there was blood present on both sides of the brain.” He testified that any blood in this space is abnormal and that the brain was bruised. Also, Dr. Clark noted the presence of blood in the retinas of Amanda’s eyes and that “[t]he presence of blood in the retina is almost always a result of injury.” He testified that this indicated that Amanda suffered injury to the head.
Additionally, Dr. Clark explained that shaken baby syndrome “includ[es] the presence of subdural hemorrhage in the head, the presence of retinal hemorrhages in the eyes, and optionally, the presence of hemorrhage within the spinal cord,” of which Amanda had all three. He testified that these injuries occur from the violent shaking of a child “so that the head snaps back and forth enough that blood vessels are ruptured, causing the bleeding within the eyes and . . . surrounding the brain.” Furthermore, he stated that he found bruises on Amanda’s head and all over her body indicating the occurrence of blunt force injury. He then concluded that blunt force injury played a significant role in Amanda’s death and that shaking probably contributed.
On appeal from his conviction for second degree murder, defendant raises two assignments of error. First, defendant assigns error to the trial court’s denial of his motion to dismiss. Specifically, defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence: (1) as to him being the perpetrator of Amanda’s death; (2) as to him having the required malice for second degree murder; and (3) as to him having intentionally inflicted a fatal injury on Amanda. We disagree with defendant on the identity issue, but we agree with defendant on the malice issue. Because we find that the evidence as to defendant having the necessary malice was not substantial enough to withstand defendant’s motion to dismiss, we need not address the sufficiency of the evidence as to whether the injury was inflicted intentionally.
The applicable standard for ruling on a defendant’s motion to dismiss has been set forth in considerable detail by our Supreme Court:
When a defendant moves for dismissal, the trial court is to determine only whether there is substantial evidence of each essential element of the offense charged and of the defendant being the perpetrator of the offense. Whether evidence presented *7constitutes substantial evidence is a question of law for the court. Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” The term “substantial evidence” simply means “that the evidence must be existing and real, not just seeming or imaginary.” The trial court’s function is to determine whether the evidence will permit a reasonable inference that the defendant is guilty of the crimes charged. “In so doing the trial court should only be concerned that the evidence is sufficient to get the case to the jury; it should not be concerned with the weight of the evidence.” It is not the rule in this jurisdiction that the trial court is required to determine that the evidence excludes every reasonable hypothesis of innocence before denying a defendant’s motion to dismiss.
In ruling on a motion to dismiss:
“The evidence is to be considered in the light most favorable to the State; the State is entitled to every reasonable intendment and every reasonable inference to be drawn therefrom; contradictions and discrepancies are for the jury to resolve and do not warrant dismissal; and all of the evidence actually admitted, whether competent or incompetent, which is favorable to the State is to be considered by the court in ruling on the motion.”
State v. Vause, 328 N.C. 231, 237, 400 S.E.2d 57, 61 (1991) (emphasis omitted) (citations omitted). This standard, requiring substantial evidence of each essential element of the offense charged and of the defendant being the perpetrator of the offense, applies whether the evidence is direct, circumstantial, or both. See State v. Thomas, 296 N.C. 236, 244, 250 S.E.2d 204, 208 (1978).
[1] Defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence of defendant being the perpetrator of the offense because “[t]he physical evidence did not point to either Angie or the defendant as the culprit, although each had ample time alone with the child to commit the act.” Additionally, defendant asserts that during the relevant time period in which Amanda received the fatal blunt force trauma to the head, both defendant and Angie had exclusive control of Amanda at some point and consequently that the evidence could not support a finding that he inflicted the fatal injury.
Taking the State’s evidence as true and making all reasonable inferences in favor of the State, the evidence as to defendant being *8the perpetrator of the murder was sufficient to withstand defendant’s motion to dismiss. Defendant had Amanda in his exclusive care between approximately 4:00 p.m. until midnight on the night before she was discovered dead. Angie testified that she did not check on the child when she returned home from work or during the night. By all accounts, Amanda was alive and conscious when Angie left the child to go to work that afternoon. Defendant admitted to Investigator Thorpe that he consumed alcohol that evening, that he “might” have “popped” Amanda in the mouth, and that he “could have” slapped her across the face. Defendant also told Investigator Thorpe that he had shaken Amanda on prior occasions, but that he always stops when Amanda cries because he realizes he is hurting her.
As defendant correctly notes, if the evidence raises no more than a suspicion that the defendant committed the charged offense, then the evidence is not sufficient to carry the case to the jury. See State v. Byrd, 309 N.C. 132, 139-40, 305 S.E.2d 724, 730 (1983). While defendant presented some evidence to show that Angie abused Amanda and that there existed a possibility that Angie caused Amanda’s death, this is merely an alternate theory as to the identity of the perpetrator of the offense. As noted above, it is not required for purposes of a motion to dismiss that the evidence exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. See Vause, 328 N.C. at 237, 400 S.E.2d at 61. Thus, although there is some evidence that Angie could have been involved, such evidence does not remove from consideration the evidence tending to implicate defendant as the perpetrator. Since the evidence was sufficient to permit a reasonable inference that defendant was the perpetrator of the offense charged, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion to dismiss on this basis.
[2] Defendant also argues that the court erred by denying his motion to dismiss on the grounds that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of malice. We agree with defendant that there was insufficient evidence of malice. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s ruling denying defendant’s motion to dismiss, and we vacate the judgment for second degree murder. As discussed in further detail below, we further remand this case to the trial court for sentencing and entry of judgment finding defendant guilty of involuntary manslaughter. See State v. Vance, 328 N.C. 613, 403 S.E.2d 495 (1991).
Second degree murder is defined as “the unlawful killing of a human being with malice but without premeditation and deliberation.” State v. Flowers, 347 N.C. 1, 29, 489 S.E.2d 391, 407 (1997), cert. *9 denied, 522 U.S. 1135, 140 L. Ed. 2d 150 (1998). Malice is an essential element of second degree murder, and “[w]hile an intent to kill is not a necessary element of murder in the second degree, that crime does not exist in the absence of some intentional act sufficient to show malice” State v. Lang, 309 N.C. 512, 524, 308 S.E.2d 317, 323 (1983) (emphasis added). Our Supreme Court has recognized three types of malice in homicide cases:
[I]n our law of homicide there are at least three kinds of malice. One connotes a positive concept of express hatred, ill-will or spite, sometimes called actual, express, or particular malice. Another kind of malice arises when an act which is inherently dangerous to human life is done so recklessly and wantonly as to manifest a mind utterly without regard for human life and social duty and deliberately bent on mischief. Both these kinds of malice would support a conviction of murder in the second degree. There is, however, a third kind of malice which is defined as nothing more than “that condition of mind which prompts a person to take the life of another intentionally without just cause, excuse, or justification.”
State v. Reynolds, 307 N.C. 184, 191, 297 S.E.2d 532, 536 (1982) (citations omitted). The second kind of malice, which the State argues is the kind of malice present here, has been described as follows:
This kind of malice . . . “comprehend[s] not only particular animosity ‘but also wickedness of disposition, hardness of heart, cruelty, recklessness of consequences, and a mind regardless of social duty and deliberately bent on mischief, though there may be no intention to injure a particular person.’ ”
State v. Blue, 138 N.C. App. 404, 409, 531 S.E.2d 267, 272 (2000) (quoting State v. Wilkerson, 295 N.C. 559, 578, 247 S.E.2d 905, 916 (1978), quoting 21 A. & E. 133 (2d Edition 1902)), aff’d in part and reversed in part on other grounds, 353 N.C. 364, 543 S.E.2d 478 (2001). Moreover, this Court has addressed the distinction between the “recklessness of consequences” required for a showing of malice and “recklessness of consequences” within the context of manslaughter. In Blue, the Court noted that
“the distinction between ‘recklessness’ indicative of murder and ‘recklessness’ associated with manslaughter ‘is one of degree rather than kind.’ ” [State v. Rich, 351 N.C. 386, 393, 527 S.E.2d 299, 303 (2000)] (citation omitted). . . .
*10Furthermore, the phrase “recklessness of consequences” continues to require a high degree of recklessness to prove malice .... Hence, in the case before us we describe malice . . . keeping in mind that the . . . phrase “recklessness of consequences” denotes the high degree of recklessness required for murder as opposed to the lesser degree required for manslaughter.
Blue, 138 N.C. App. at 410, 531 S.E.2d at 272.
The necessary malice for second degree murder may be inferred from the “willful blow by an adult on the head of an infant.” State v. Perdue, 320 N.C. 51, 58, 357 S.E.2d 345, 350 (1987). “Willful” has been defined as an act being done “ ‘purposely and designedly in violation of [the] law.’ ” State v. Whittle, 118 N.C. App. 130, 135, 454 S.E.2d 688, 691 (1995) (quoting State v. Stephenson, 218 N.C. 258, 264, 10 S.E.2d 819, 823 (1940)).
Here, the evidence established that Amanda’s death was the result of a blunt force injury to the head. However, the State failed to present any direct evidence that defendant inflicted the lethal blow to Amanda’s head with the degree of recklessness required to find malice. Moreover, because the evidence failed to establish what caused the injury to Amanda’s head, and whether the injury was the result of an intentional and willful act or the result of an accident, the evidence was insufficient to establish an inference of malice.
The forensic pathologist, Dr. Clark, testified that Amanda’s death ultimately resulted from “a blow or blows to the head, or included the head striking an object.” Although he testified that shaking may have contributed to the death, Dr. Clark admitted that he could not tell to a certainty that the child had been shaken “because it is possible that a significant enough blunt force injury can also produce retinal hemorrhages.” Dr. Clark admitted that he did “not know exactly how the injuries occurred.” Dr. Clark testified that it was difficult to pinpoint the time of death, and that “[i]t could have been hours” before Amanda died as a result of the blow, or it was possible that “the injuries could have been inflicted in as little as forty-five minutes before [the child] was found.” Dr. Clark could not determine whether all of the bruises were sustained at the time of death; rather, some of the bruising appeared to have been sustained prior to the time of death. He testified that the bruises did not “contribute directly to the death as it resulted from [the] head injury.” Dr. Clark did not find any other evidence of serious injury to the child.
*11Investigator Thorpe testified that defendant stated that he may have slapped Amanda in the face or popped her in the mouth. Defendant further stated that it was possible he had shaken Amanda, but that when he has done so before, Amanda cries, and he immediately stops. This Court has held that “a defendant’s shaking a baby and the baby’s death by shaken baby syndrome are not the sole determinants of whether the State has produced sufficient evidence of malice to convict the defendant of murder in a shaken baby syndrome case.” Blue, 138 N.C. App. at 413, 531 S.E.2d at 274.
The State argues that there was substantial evidence of malice presented at trial, relying upon State v. Hemphill, 104 N.C. App. 431, 409 S.E.2d 744 (1991), and State v. Qualls, 130 N.C. App. 1, 502 S.E.2d 31 (1998), aff’d, 350 N.C. 56, 510 S.E.2d 376 (1999). However, we believe these cases may be distinguished based upon the same reasoning set forth by this Court in Blue, supra. In Blue, we noted that in Hemphill, the pathologist found significant evidence of shaken baby syndrome, including vomiting, hemorrhaging in the lungs, and bruises on the front and back of the brain. The pathologist testified that death resulted from “ ‘violent or vigorous’ ” shaking. Blue, 138 N.C. App. at 411, 531 S.E.2d at 273 (quoting Hemphill, 104 N.C. App. at 432, 409 S.E.2d at 744). The defendant admitted that he had shaken the baby several times shortly before her death, despite the child’s continuous vomiting. Id.
While the Hemphill Court determined that sufficient evidence of malice existed, we noted in Blue that the Hemphill Court “did not limit its examination to the sole issues of whether the defendant shook the baby and whether the baby died from shaken baby syndrome.” Id. at 413, 531 S.E.2d at 274. Rather, the holding “was based on all of the State’s evidence and not solely on the two factors that the ‘defendant shook the baby’ and ‘the cause of death was “Shaken Baby Syndrome.” ’ ” Id. at 412, 531 S.E.2d 273 (quoting Hemphill, 104 N.C. App. at 434, 409 S.E.2d at 745).
The Blue Court also distinguished Qualls, noting that, in Qualls, this Court found sufficient evidence of malice in the defendant’s abuse of the victim, and the victim’s resulting death from subdural hemorrhaging. Id. (citing Qualls, 130 N.C. App. at 11, 502 S.E.2d at 38). In that case, however, the evidence established that the defendant “previously inflicted a severe blow to . . . the victim’s head.” Qualls, 130 N.C. App. at 11, 502 S.E.2d at 37-38. In addition, the forensic pathologist testified that the contusions on the child’s brain were *12“ ‘consistent with more than one episode of intentionally-inflicted injury.’ ” Id. at 11, 502 S.E.2d at 38. The pathologist further testified that the injury to the child’s head which lead to his death was “ ‘not an accidental injury.’ ” Id. at 4, 502 S.E.2d at 34. In citing Qualls, we reemphasized in Blue that “a defendant’s shaking a baby and the baby’s death by shaken baby syndrome are not the sole determinants of whether the State has produced sufficient evidence of malice to convict the defendant of murder in a shaken baby syndrome case.” Blue, 138 N.C. App. at 413, 531 S.E.2d at 274.
In contrast, the State in this case has failed to present any evidence of malice other than the fact of Amanda’s injury, that defendant was with the child from 4:00 p.m. until midnight, and that defendant “might” have “popped” Amanda on the mouth or slapped her. The fact that defendant admitted to having physically disciplined Amanda that evening does not support a finding of malice. See Blue, 138 N.C. App. at 414, 531 S.E.2d at 275 (no evidence of malice despite defendant’s admission that he “became frustrated” with the child and shook the child). Moreover, unlike the pathologist’s testimony in Qualls, which clearly established an expert opinion that the child’s injuries were “intentionally-inflicted” and “not . . . accidental,” Dr. Clark admitted that he did “not know exactly how the injuries occurred” or whether the blunt force trauma to the child’s head was intentionally inflicted.
In fact, the evidence presented did not establish that the blunt force trauma which caused Amanda’s death was administered by an adult hand. Although Dr. Clark opined that some of the bruises to Amanda’s body were “suggestive of an adult hand,” he testified that such bruises did not “contribute directly to the death as it resulted from [the] head injury.” Dr. Clark stated that the blunt force trauma could have been caused either by an object striking the child’s head, or by the child’s head striking an object. Thus, there is no evidence in the record, beyond suspicion, that the fatal blunt force trauma to Amanda’s head was administered by an adult hand. In the absence of such evidence, we do not believe that the evidence supported an inference of malice. See Perdue, 320 N.C. at 58, 357 S.E.2d at 350 (malice may be inferred from the “willful blow by an adult on the head of an infant”).
In addition, although the evidence did tend to show that Amanda had been abused and Dr. Clark opined that she suffered from battered child syndrome, none of the evidence raises more than a suspicion *13that defendant, rather than some other individual, inflicted the prior abuse. To the contrary, Angie testified that she trusted defendant with the children and that she never witnessed defendant mistreat the children. Indeed, evidence was presented tending to establish that Angie could have been responsible for some of the child’s prior injuries. Thus, the State failed to present evidence of previous acts of child abuse which might permit an inference of malice. See State v. Smith, 61 N.C. App. 52, 57-58, 300 S.E.2d 403, 407 (1983). We also note that the facts show that defendant cooperated with police and investigators, he appeared upset at the child’s death, he made the 911 call, and he attempted to revive Amanda by administering CPR.
In sum, although the evidence and circumstances surrounding Amanda’s death most certainly raise a suspicion that defendant could have been responsible for the child’s blunt force head trauma, the State failed to present substantial evidence of the malice required to support a conviction of second degree murder.
In his second assignment of error, defendant argues that the trial court committed plain error in its instruction to the jury on how to assess whether the evidence supported a conclusion that the injury which caused Amanda’s death was intentionally inflicted, as required for second degree murder. Because we find that defendant’s conviction for second degree murder must be vacated, we need not consider this matter on appeal.
In the present case, the trial court submitted possible verdicts finding defendant guilty of second degree murder, guilty of the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter, or not guilty. The jury convicted defendant of second degree murder, and the judgment for second degree murder which we hold must be vacated was entered upon that verdict. In finding defendant guilty of second degree murder, however, the jury necessarily had to find facts establishing the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter. See State v. Greene, 314 N.C. 649, 336 S.E.2d 87 (1985). For this reason, we remand this case for judgment as upon a verdict of guilty of involuntary manslaughter. See Vance, 328 N.C. at 623, 403 S.E.2d at 501-02.
We hold that the evidence on the issue of malice was not substantial enough to withstand defendant’s motion to dismiss on the charge of second degree murder, and we vacate that judgment. We remand this case to the Superior Court, Orange County, for sentencing and entry of judgment finding defendant guilty of involuntary manslaughter.
*14Reversed and remanded.
Judge WALKER concurs.
Judge TYSON concurs in part and dissents in part in a separate opinion.