The defendant cited the following amendments to the Constitution of the United States, claiming that he is protected under them:
Art. IY. “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation and particularly describing the place to he searched and the persons or things to be seized.”
Art. Y. “No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the malitia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person he subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor he deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.”
We cannot so hold.
*48In S. v. Godette, 188 N. C., at p. 502, speaking to tbe subject, it is said: “Tbe United States Court, in Brown v. New Jersey, 175 U. S., 175, citing numerous authorities, says: 'The first ten amendments to the Federal Constitution contain no restrictions on the powers of the State, but were intended to operate solely on the Federal Government.’ Ensign v. Pennsylvania, 227 U. S., p. 592; S. v. Campbell, 182 N. C., p. 911. This case was taken to the Supreme Court of the United States on writ of error and affirmed. 262 U. S., p. 728; S. v. Simmons, 183 N. C., p. 684.”
The defendant contends: “The illegal search and seizure of the defendant and the result thereof, the conviction of the defendant, violates said Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, as well as Article I, section 11 of the Constitution of North Carolina, both of which provide in effect that a defendant shall not be required to give evidence against himself. If the State had been required to proceed against the defendant with such legal evidence as it had, no conviction could have been had. The State did not proceed to convict the defendant by any such evidence, but proceeded to convict him by evidence obtained by the seizure of the person, and a search of his person without a process, and without evidence. The defendant was in effect placed on the stand, examined, and such examination used against him to convict him. The defendant insists that the upholding of these provisions of Federal Constitution and the State Constitution are of far greater importance to the dignity of the law than the conviction of a defendant for a mere misdemeanor.”
Article I, sec. 11, of the Constitution of North Carolina, invoked, is as follows: “In all criminal prosecutions every man has the right to be informed of the accusation against him and to confront the accusers and witnesses with other testimony, and to have counsel for his defense, and not be compelled to give evidence against himself or to pay costs, jail fees, or necessary witness fees of the defense, unless found guilty.”
“In North Carolina, it has long been the law that a physical fact or condition which was brought out by the illegal action of an officer may be given in evidence against the defendant. S. v. Graham, 74 N. C., 646 (prisoner compelled by officer to put shoe in track). This case has been approved in many decisions since, including S. v. Mallette, 125 N. C., 725, which case was affirmed in the United States Supreme Court on writ of error in Mallett v. N. C., 181 U. S., 589; S. v. Thompson, 161 N. C., 238 and S. v. Neville, 175 N. C., 731. There are quite a number of courts that disagree with the principle established by S. v. Graham, supra. Some of these decisions are cited by the defendant in his brief. ¥e do' not think the action of the officers illegal in the present case.” S. v. Godette, supra, at p. 503.
*49 We find this in tbe Constitution of North Carolina, not cited by defendant, Article I, section 2: “That all political power is vested in, and derived from, tbe people; all government of right originates from tbe people, is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for tbe good of tbe whole.”
Tbe will of tbe people of North Carolina has been expressed on tbe very question presented on this appeal. On 27 May, 1908, tbe matter was submitted to tbe people of tbe State. Tbe vote “For tbe manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor” was 69,416, “Against tbe manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor” was 113,612 — total vote 183,028, majority against tbe manufacturé and sale of intoxicating liquor was 44,196.
Tbe Eighteenth Amendment to tbe Constitution of tbe United States is as follows: “After one year from tbe ratification of this article, tbe manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquor within, tbe importation thereof into, or tbe exportation thereof from tbe United States and all territory subject to tbe jurisdiction thereof, for beverage purposes, is hereby prohibited.” Forty-five States ratified tbe amendment — North Carolina on 16 January, 1919. Tbe “Volstead Act” was an Act of Congress, 28 October, 1919. An act supplemental to tbe National prohibition act was approved 23 November, 1921. These acts were passed to carry into effect tbe Eighteenth Amendment to tbe Constitution.
Tbe General Assembly of North Carolina, Public Laws of N. C., 1923, ch. 1, C. S., 3411, passed “An act to make tbe State law conform to tbe National law in relation to intoxicating liquors,” and is to some extent more stringent than tbe “Volstead Act.” This act has been frequently upheld and construed by this Court. S. v. McAllister, 187 N. C., 400; S. v. Beavers, 188 N. C., 595; S. v. Knight, ibid., 630; S. v. Jarrett, 189 N. C., 516; S. v. Sigmon, 190 N. C., 684; S. v. Pierce, 192 N. C., 766; S. v. Mull, 193 N. C., 668; S. v. Hege, 194 N. C., 526; S. v. Dowell, 195 N. C., 523.
Tbe General Assembly of this State has recently passed an act to teach tbe children in tbe schools of tbe State tbe danger of intoxicating liquors and narcotics on tbe human system. Public Laws 1929, chapter 96, “An act to require tbe public schools of tbe State to furnish adequate and scientific instruction in tbe subject of alcoholism and narcotism.” This is a wise preventive measure.
In S. v. Campbell, 182 N. C., at p. 914-5, tbe law is stated by Clark, C. J., as follows: “In 3 Cyc., 886, it is said that where 'An offense is committed in tbe presence or view of an officer, within tbe meaning of tbe rule, authorizing an arrest without a warrant, when tbe officer sees it, although at a distance, or bears tbe disturbance created thereby and *50proceeds at once to the scene thereof, or the offense is continuing, or has not been consummated at the time the arrest is made.’ In the case at bar the officers had information, which proved to be correct, that the defendant was carrying on his person, concealed,' a. quantity of liquor in violation of the provisions of the Consolidated Statutes above quoted. The offense was continuing, and the sale had not been consummated at the time the arrest was made. In many eases, unless an arrest is made under these circumstances, the criminal would escape or the crime be committed before the officer could make affidavit and obtain a warrant. For instance, if the officers had information, which was reliable, that one was carrying a concealed weapon, or was on his way to commit an assault with it, surely it would be their duty to arrest the offender though our statute and our decisions require that in such case they should at once take him before a judicial officer and procure a warrant and institute a judicial investigation.” S. v. Fowler, 172 N. C., 905; S. v. Neville, 175 N. C., 731; S. v. Simmons, 183 N. C., 684; S. v. Jenkins, 195 N. C., 747.
The witness for the State, officer Burleson, testified “took one-half gallon of liquor off of him.”
The defendant, in his brief says: “Is evidence by an officer that he obtained one-half gallon of liquor sufficient to sustain a conviction, without further proof as to the kind, quality and strength of the liquor sufficient to show the same intoxicating?”
The Conformity Act, Public Laws 1923, chapter 1, section 1 (3 C. S., 3411(a), says “(1) The word ‘liquor* or the phrase ‘intoxicating liquor’ shall be construed to include alcohol, brandy, whiskey, rum, gin, beer, ale, porter, and wine, and in addition thereto any spirituous, vinous, malt or fermented liquors, liquids, and compounds, whether medicated, proprietary, patented, or not, and by whatever name called, containing one-half of one percentum or more of alcohol by volume, which are fit for use for beverage purposes,” etc. S. v. Sigmon, supra, p. 690.
“Liquor,” as the word is commonly used, means intoxicating liquor. S. v. Gulcznski, 120 A 88, 89 (Del.); Shahan v. Hardwick, 118 S. E., 575, 30 Ga. App., 526; Clay v. State, 102 S. E., 367, 24 Ga. App., 811; Armstrong v. State, 265, S. W., 672, 673, 150 Tenn., 416.
Generally the word “liquor” implies intoxicating liquor, and therefore proof that a defendant sold “liquor” is sufficient to show, in the absence of adverse testimony, that he sold intoxicating liquor. Smith v. State, 86 S. E., 283, 17 Ga. App., 118.
Every contention made by defendant has been frequently decided contrary to the position taken by him on this appeal.
In S. v. McAllister, 187 N. C., at p. 404, the following observation is made: “It is well said by Clark, C. J., in the concurring opinion in S. v. *51 Coleman, 178 N. C., 762: ‘The intention of the act may be tersely expressed in the phrase, “Taste not, touch not, handle not” the forbidden article (for beverage purposes). It is outlawed by the statute, just as dynamite or any poisonous drug, and for the same reason that the popular will has deemed this necessary for the public welfare, and made the violation of that will a crime.’ ”
In S. v. Sigmon, 190 N. C., at p. 692, we find: “The Legislature of North Carolina, part 3 C. S., 3411(b), has said: ‘And all the provisions of this article shall be liberally construed to the end that the use of intoxicating liquor as a beverage may be prevented.’ This provision is the wisdom of ages. Solomon, the wisest man (Prov., ch. 23, v. 29, 32), said: ‘Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath contentions? who hath babbling? who hath wounds without cause? who hath redness of eyes? They that tarry long at the wine; ... At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder.’ ”
We fully set forth the law on this subject and again “write the vision and make it plain upon tables, that he may run that readeth.” Hab. 2 :2. We find
No error.