The decision of this case and the determination of the rights of the parties depend upon the proper construction *17of certain deeds of record in tbe county in wbicb tbe land involved is situate, and wbicb were offered in evidence at tbe trial.
On 8 March, 1830, Isaac Bronson and G-oold Hoyt, of tbe city of New York, tben being owners of large bodies of land (locally known, it seems, as speculation lands) in Mecklenburg, Eutberford (and in that area now Henderson), and Buncombe counties, in this State, conveyed the same to James Hoyt, John N. Ward, and William G. Ward, as trustees. The trusts upon which they were to bold said lands are drawn and declared with great care and particularity. The grantors therein defined a scheme for the management and disposal of said lands which involved the appointment of a special or local agent to make leases and contracts of sale, and a superintending agent, whose approval and indorsement was indispensable to the validity of any conveyance by the trustees. On this point this deed provided: “But no deed, lease, or conveyance whatsoever of the premises or any part thereof shall, if made by said parties of the second part (the trustees), or any one of them, be of any validity or effect whatsoever unless the same be approved and indorsed by Arthur Bronson, esquire, who bath been duly empowered for that purpose.” Joshua Forman was named as the local agent, and the instrument by which be was appointed and bis powers limited is therein expressly referred to. The deed also contained carefully drawn directions as to the method of appointment of the successor trustees, superintending agent, and local agent; and these several deeds successively made contained the same requirement as to the indorsement and approval of the superintending agent to give validity to deeds or conveyances by the trustees. Frederick Bronson succeeded Arthur Bronson as superintending agent, and was in turn succeeded in 1869 by Willett Bronson, who has been since then and is now the superintending agent. T. B. Justice succeeded Joshua For-man as local agent, and was in turn succeeded, 1 November, 1872, by C. Baylis Justice. All these appointments were ma.de in tbe manner prescribed by tbe original deed of 1830. In 1859 and again in 1871 and in 1901, new trustees were ap*18pointed in tbe prescribed maimer, and these later deeds refer expressly to the previous deeds by dates and books of record.
The deed of 1871, one of the deeds in which new trustees are appointed, after reciting the previous deeds, contains the following provisions: “And the said parties of the second part (the trustees) or such of them as survive, shall at all times, at the proper cost and charges of the said heirs and assigns of the said Isaac Bronson, Goold Hoyt, and Archibald McIntyre (who had purchased an interest), make and execute such deeds, leases, and conveyances of the premises as shall be required or directed by said heirs . . . and especially when required by Thomas B. Justice, the special agent of the parties of the first part for managing, leasing, and selling the lands aforesaid, thereunto authorized by a special and limited authority . . . but no lease, deed, or conveyance of said premises or any part thereof shall, if made by the said' parties of the second part or any of them, be of any validity or effect whatever, unless the same be approved by Willett Bronson, who hath been fully empowered for that purpose.” And it further therein provided: “which deeds, leases, and conveyances, to be lawful, are to be indorsed and approved in manner aforesaid.”
Thomas B. Justice having ceased to act as the local agent, C. Baylis Justice, as hereinbefore stated, 'was duly appointed on 1 November, 1872, by a written power of attorney, in which the deed of 1871, from which we have quoted, was expressly referred to. This power of attorney undoubtedly confers large powers upon the attorney in fact, but no larger than are expressly authorized by the deeds of trust, and in no provision of that instrument is the requirement of the approval by indorsement of the superintending agent dispensed with, nor could it be. The method and manner of his appointment, as prescribed in the deed of trust, is carefully followed, and the deed authorizing his appointment referred to. The precise questions presented, therefore, are:
(1) Is a conveyance or deed valid without the indorsed approval of the superintending agent ?
(2) Can the local agent make a contract absolutely binding and enforcible against the trustees, under the provisions of these deeds ?
*19The requirement of the approving indorsement of the superintending agent to give validity to the exercise of the power of sale by the trustees is clearly a limitation upon their power and clearly within the right of the creators of the trust to annex. In 2 Perry on Trusts, sec. 784 (5 Ed.), it is said: “If the sale is directed to be made with the consent of the tenant for life, or any other person, such consent is indispensable to a valid exercise of the powers.” In Sugden on Powers, star page 319, this writer says: “Where the consent of any person is required to the execution of the power, that, like every other condition, must be strictly complied with.” In 4 Kent’s Commentaries, 330, the learned author says: “But it is the plain and settled rule that the conditions annexed to the exercise of the power must be strictly complied with, however unessential they might have been if no such precise directions had been given. They are incapable of admitting any equivalent or substitution; for the person who creates the power has the undoubted right to create what checks he pleases to impose, to guard against a tendency to abuse. The courts have been uniformly and severely exact on this point.” And at p. 333 he further says: “In all other respects the intention of the grantor of a power, as to the mode, time, and conditions of its execution, must be observed, subject to the power of the court of chancery to supply defective executions. When the consent of a third person to the execution of a power is requisite, the consent shall be expressed in the instrument by which the power is executed, or shall be certified in writing thereon.” So this Court held in Haslin v. Kean, 6 N. C., 309: “The main question in this case is whether John Haslin, by the deed which he executed to Kean, completely and in due form executed his power. If he did, there is an end to the wife’s power; if he did not, she was entitled to appoint. The present controversy is between volunteers, and the wife is entitled, unless there has been not only an intention to appoint, but an actual appointment, and that made in the precise form required by the power.” See, also, Phifer v. Phifer, 41 N. C., 155. So in Pippen v. Wesson, 74 N. C., 437, and Hardy v. Holly, 84 N. C., 661, it was held by this Court that, “One who contracts by virtue of a power, statutory *20or otherwise, and wlio, except by such power, is incapable of contracting, must pursue the power, or such contract will be void.”
Under these authorities we must, therefore, conclude that the approval of Willett Bronson, the superintending agent, indorsed on the deed, was necessary to give it validity. Such a deed so indorsed by Bronson, dated in 1905, was tendered the defendant Staton and rejected by him because, as he asserted, it did not embrace the boundaries covered by his contract with the local agent. It does not appear that Bronson was informed of the rejection of this deed by Staton until shortly before this action was brought. (2) Could the local agent make a contract for the sale of land, binding and enforeible in equity against the owners, in the absence of the approval of Bronson, the present superintending agent ? The power of attorney under which the agent Justice acted, and from which he derived his authority, was in writing, was recorded in the county of Henderson, and was offered in evidence by the defendant. While the powers are extensive, the deed of 1871 is therein referred to, and that was also duly recorded. The powers given thfe agent Justice in no way conflict with the power and duty of Bronson, and we do not think such power and duty could be destroyed or impaired by the power of attorney appointing Justice the local agent.
In Bank v. Hay, 143 N. C., 326, this Court, speaking through Justice WalherJsaid: “Thera is a general rule that when one deals with an agent it behooves him to ascertain correctly the scope and extent of his authority to contract for, and in behalf of, his alleged principal; for under any other rule, it is said, every principal would be at the mercy of his agent, however carefully he might limit his authority. The power of an agent is not unlimited unless, in some way, it either expressly or impliedly appears to be so, and the person who proposes to contract with him as agent for his principal should first inform himself where his authority stops, or how far his commission goes, before he closes the bargain with him. Biggs v. Ins. Co., 88 N. C., 141; Ferguson v. Mfg. Co., 118 N. C., 946.” 2 Am. and Eng. Enc. of Law and Practice, 961. At page 966 *21of the saine work it is said: “Where a third person has knowledge that an agent’s authority is in writing, or that it must necessarily be in writing in order to bind the principal, he must call for and examine the power and take notice of the nature and extent of the authority conferred, as any act beyond the scope of such written authority will ordinarily not be binding on the principal.” “Where real estate is the subject of sale, the person purchasing of an agent must see that the power to convey is of equal dignity with the deed to be executed.” Peabody v. Hoard, 46 Ill., 242.
The examination of the power of attorney to Justice would have informed the defendant Staton of the limitation of his power to bind these principals to execute a deed in pursuance of his contract, and would have led him to discover the requirement of the approval of the superintending agent Bronson. The principle controlling this is clearly stated in 2 Pom. Eq. Juris. (3 Ed.), sec. 626, and is uniformly accepted by the courts and text-writers: “Wherever a purchaser holds under a conveyance and is obliged to make out his title through that deed, or through a series of prior deeds, the general rule is firmly established that he has constructive notice of every matter connected with or affecting the estate which appears, either by description of parties, by recital, by reference, or otherwise, on the face of any deed which forms an essential link in the chain of instruments through which he must derive his title. The reasons for this doctrine are obvious and most convincing"; in fact, there could be no security in land ownership unless it were strictly enforced.” Smith v. Fuller, 152 N. C., 7; Johnson v. Prairie, 91 N. C., 159; Holmes v. Holmes, 86 N. C., 205; Thompson v. Blair, 7 N. C., 583.
'•The defendants, however, contend that the consent of Bronson to the deed is withheld for improper and selfish purposes; but there is no evidence, we think, to support this contention, except that he stated at the trial that he would not consent to a deed covering the boundaries as demanded by the defendants, and assigned his reasons therefor, which in no view can be regarded as improper or selfish. The defendants Staton and Tor-*22rence were informed in 1901 or 1902 that no land interfering with water power of Green River would be sold or conveyed.
The defendants further contend that, as it had been the custom of Bronson to approve deeds conveying the lands contracted to be sold by Justice, and this custom had been extended over 40 years, they had a right to rely upon this uniform custom as an interpretation of the powers of Justice. But Bronson testified, and this was the only evidence upon this question, that no deed had been executed by the trustees without his written approval indorsed thereon. This was in strict compliance with the power created by the deed of trust. The power of attorney and the deed of trust leave no room for doubt as to the powers conferred. What was thought generally of the power of Justice, or what the defendants Staton and Torrence inferred were his powers from the conduct of Justice, is not competent to enlarge the express powers conferred upon him by his written appointment. In Minnesota Stoneware Co. v. McCrossen, 110 Wis., 316, 84 Am. St., 927, the Court said: “The idea is advanced that written authority to an agent may be extended by subsequent oral authority. That is so in many cases, but not where the authority is required to be in writing. A power to sell and convey real estate can no more be extended or changed by parol than can a conveyance of real estate. That is so elementary that the suggestion of respondent’s counsel to the contrary does not require further notice.”
It is further contended that there was such ratification of the contract by the receipt and retention of the purchase money, that the plaintiff ought to be compelled to specifically perform this contract. In Earp v. Richardson, 81 N. C., 5, this Court said: “When the agency is to be proved by the subsequent ratification and adoption of the act by the principal, there must be evidence of previous knowledge on the part of the principal of all the material facts. 2 Greenl. Ev., sec. 66.” And this is the generally accepted doctrine. The contention of the defendants, as presented In this phase of the case, is that the acquiescence or ratification by the trustees of acts not performed in accordance with the terms of the trust deed creating their power to *23convey can substitute a different method of executing the power than that prescribed therein, and to this extent create a new method. This is contrary to the doctrine stated in the authorities we have already quoted from. No acquiescence or ratification by the cestuis que trustent is shown by the evidence, nor is there any evidence from which ratification or acquiescence by them can be inferred. As the dealings appeared to them, they were conducted in strict accordance with the terms of the deed, and this can also be said as to the trustees themselves. The evidence negatives, so far as the trustees and beneficiaries knew, any failure to observe the methods prescribed for executing the power. The evidence offered does not present the ease of an attempt to repudiate a contract, but simply a case where the court will refuse to compel specific performance of a contract because it is not executed in accordance with the for'mality prescribed by the written instruments which control it.
The plaintiffs cannot, of course, retain the money, to wit, $100 paid by defendant Staton. They aver a tender of its return and express a willingness to repay it with interest from the date of payment, to wit, 2 April, 1900. This must be paid into court, and upon its payment into court, judgment will be entered canceling the contract as registered, and the subsequent deeds and assignments of the contract made by the defendants inter se.
Under the evidence and the law, his Honor should have directed a finding for the plaintiffs upon the 5th and 7th issues. The other issues are immaterial and do not present any controverted facts. For the errors pointed out, the judgment is
Eeversed.