after stating the case: There is a general rule that Avhen one deals with an agent it behooves him to ascertain correctly the scope and extent of his authority to contract for and in behalf of his alleged principal, for under any other rule it is said every principal would be at the mercy of his agent however carefully he might limit his authority. The power of an agent is not unlimited unless in some way it either expressly or impliedly appears to be so, and the person who proposes to contract with him as agent for his principal should first inform himself where his authority stops or how far his commission goes, before he closes the bargain -with him. Biggs v. Ins. Co., 88 N. C., 141; Ferguson v. Mfg. Co., 118 N. C., 946.
The principal is held to be liable upon a contract duly made by his agent with a third person: 1. When the agent *331acts within the scope of his actual authority. 2. When the contract, although unauthorized, has been ratified. 3. When the agent acts within the scope of his apparent authority, unless the third person has notice that the agent is exceeding his authority, the term “apparent authority” including the power to do whatever is usually done and necessary to be done in order to carry into effect the principal power conferred upon the agent and to transact the business or to execute the commission which has been entrusted to him; and the principal cannot restrict his own liability for acts of his agent which are within the scope of his apparent authority by limitations thereon of which the person dealing with his agent has not notice. The principal may also, in certain cases, be estopped to deny that a person is his agent and clothed with competent authority, or that his agent has acted within the scope of this authority which the nature of the particular transaction makes it necessary for him to have. Tiffany on Agency, 180, et seq.; Biggs v. Ins. Co., supra.
The authority to draw, accept or indorse bills, notes and checks will not readily be implied as an incident to the express authority of an' agent. It must ordinarily be conferred expressly, but it may be implied if the execution of the paper is a necessary incident to the business. It will not be deemed a necessary incident, though, unless the purpose of the agency cannot otherwise be accomplished. When the power is expressly conferred, it must be strictly pursued; and unless the apparent exceeds the actual authority of the agent, paper executed by him will not bind his principal if the agent materially departs from the terms of his authority in regard to the amount or the time of the paper or its character in other respects. Where the power exists, it is of course confined to the business of the agency, and does not authorize the making of paper for the benefit of the agent or the making of accommodation paper, and any contract so made will not be bind*332ing upon tbe principal, unless it may be be bas in some way precluded bimself from pleading tbe want or excess of authority or from otherwise repudiating tbe act of bis agent. Tiffany on Agency, p. 215, sec. 48.
When applying tbe general principles in tbe law of agency to tbe case., of an agent who draws a check or draft on his principal 'in order to ascertain what is tbe liability of tbe principal, which is tbe question herein presented, we may derive some aid from what this Court bas said with special reference. to tbe promise and corresponding legal duty of tbe principal to accept and honor tbe paper, in adopting tbe general rule as laid down by Chief Justice Marshall, for tbe Court, in Coolidge v. Payson, 2 Wheaton, 66, in regard to liability on commercial paper. When speaking of tbe distinction attempted to be drawn by some of tbe courts between a promise to accept made before and one made after tbe bill is drawn, tbe Court says: “The Court can. perceive no substantial reason for this distinction. Tbe prevailing inducement for considering a promise to accept, as an acceptance, is that credit is thereby given to the bill. Now this credit is given as entirely by a letter written before 'the date of the bill as by one written afterwards.” Tbe general rule is then declared in these words: “Upon a review of tbe cases which are reported, tbe Court is of opinion that a letter written within a reasonable time before or after the date of a bill of exchange, describing it in terms not to be mistaken, and promising to accept it, is, if shown to tbe person who after-wards takes tbe bill on the credit of the letter, a virtual acceptance, binding tbe person who makes tbe promise.” Nimocks v. Woody, 97 N. C., 5. Decisions of courts of high authority are cited in that case to sustain tbe rule. It bad been formerly decided otherwise in England by the Court of Exchequer in tbe leading case of Bank of Ireland v. Archer, 11 M. & W., 383, and also by some of tbe courts of this *333country, and they beld that a promise made in writing to accept and pay a draft, yet to be drawn, for a specified amount, and communicated to one who, upon the faith of the promise, becomes the payee of it, when drawn for value, is not an acceptance in law, so that an action upon the draft can be maintained by the holder for value. But the rule here, as we have shown, has been settled the other way, and the original English rule seems to have been the same way. Pillans v. Van Microp, 3 Burr, 1663; Pierson v. Dunlop, Cowp., 57 L.; Mason v. Hunt, Doug., 284, 287; Byles on Bills (16 Ed.), 260; though it was somewhat modified later by confining the liability of the drawee, who had given the authority to draw, to the person who was intended to take the bill on the credit of a promise to accept, Miln v. Prest, 4 Campb., 393; resulting finally _ in the doctrine as stated in Bank v. Archer, supra, and Johnson v. Collins, 1 East, 98. See also Eaton & Gilbert on Com. Paper, secs. 147 and 148. In applying this principle, it has been said that, first, the promise to accept and pay should be made within a reasonable time before the.bill is drawn, for otherwise the drawer will be presumed to have declined to act on the authority granted him to draw, and the drawee will not be construed to have intended an indefinite liability; and second, the promise must so describe the bill that there can be no doubt of its application to it. 1 Daniel Neg. Instr. (5 Ed.), sec. 560. Mr. Daniel says, also, that high authorities go further, and declare that the promise must put its finger, so to speak, upon the specific bill; and that otherwise, if the promise be broken, the promisor may be sued by the drawer for breach of the promise to accept; but he cannot be sued by any one as acceptor. It is further said that while it should clearly appear that the bill'Corresponds to the promise (and is therefore protected by the authority), it is not perceived that there should be required any nicety of description or exact correspondence *334between the two, either as to number, amount, date, or otherwise. “The burden of proof is upon the holder to establish that by comparing the face of the bill with the promise, or the bill in connection with the transaction in which it is drawn with the promise, that it comes fairly and reasonably within its terms. This done, there can be no reason why the promisor may not be sued as an acceptor, as well as for breach of promise to accept. In either case the correspondence of the bill with the promise must be proved, and a cause of action existing there does not seem to be any sufficient reason for determining that the character of the proof must shape its form, and also determine whether it shall be brought by the holder of the bill who has taken it on the faith of the promise, or by the drawer, whose just expectations have been disappointed. -The doctrine that the drawer may sue for breach of promise to accept when the bill is not accurately described in the promise, but that such promise does not operate'as an acceptance, has been well said to rest on a distinction without a difference.” 1 Daniel Neg. Instr. (5 Ed.), sec. 561. This is, he says, the doctrine as formulated in the decisions of several of the States, New York among them, when citing and commenting upon Coolidge v. Payson, 2 Wheaton, 66; ibid., secs. 560, 561, and 562, where the cases are collected and examined. Bank v. McFarlan, 5 Hill (N. Y.), 432, and 3 Denio, 553 ; Bank v. Burleigh, 74 Hun., 400; Parker v. Greelee, 2 Wend., 545; Greelee v. Parker, 5 Wend., 414; Bank v. Ely, 17 Wend., 508. This view, he further says, is admirably stated in Nelson v. Bank, 48 Ill., 39, in which is cited as an authority in point the case of Bissell v. Lewis, 4 Mich., 450. See also Lonsdale v. Bank, 18 Ohio, 126; Russell v. Wiggin, 2 Story, 213; Cassel v. Dows, 1 Blatchf., 335; Storer v. Logan, 9 Mass., 55; Brinkman v. Hunter, 73 Mo., 172.
Let us now consider the proposition involved in this case in the light of the foregoing principles. We do not think it *335can make any material difference whether we test it by the law of agency or by that of negotiable instruments — ’the result must be the same in either case. Nor is it necessary to adopt as law in this State the view expressed by Mr. Daniel, in regard to Coolidge v. Payson, in so far as it may be at variance with the principle as stated in that case, or may seem to go beyond it. Even in that view we must reach the same conclusion.
The plaintiff’s cashier testified that while he had seen the letters of 1 February, 1905, and 7 March, 1905, “he cashed the draft on the faith of the defendant’s letter to Iiinson, dated 24 January, 1905, and because similar prior drafts had been paid.” He was not, therefore, misled to the prejudice of the bank by anything that is said in the two letters of February and March. They may, though, be still considered on the question of the authority of Hinson to draw the draft. There is one thing that appears prominently in those two letters, namely, the fact that' Hay & Go. were not pleased with the prospect of their agency at Morganton and were complaining of the agent’s failure to secure any business, while the expense account had grown until it had about reached the limit justified by any -reasonable expectation of commissions to offset it or to cover the outlay. They also furnish the only evidence we have of the usual amount of the agent’s drafts on his principal, to-wit, twenty dollars. After all this, Hinson, just one week from the date of the last letter, draws the draft in suit for three times the amount of his last draft, and for expenses, not already incurred, but those likely to arise thereafter in another place. ‘ The case shows that all of the letters in the correspondence were delivered to plaintiff in response to his notice to produce them, and he selected only the three which were put in evidence. The letter of 1 March, 1905, calls upon Hinson to give an account of his agency, but it does not appear that he did so, *336nor is it shown that he ever was instructed to go to Ashe-ville, or notified Hay & Bro. of his intention to do so or of his purpose to draw on them for $60. It is true the cashier testified that similar drafts had before been paid. When, to whom; and for what amount? If to this bank and for as much as sixty dollars, or anything approximating that amount, why were they not produced ? They may have been similar in other respects, without being at all identical in amount. Let it be assumed, for the sake of argument, that the payment of prior drafts was evidence of the agent’s authority to draw this one, which may be questioned (Marriner v. Lumber Co., 113 N. C., 52), unless the facts established such a course of dealing between the parties theretofore as would lead a reasonably prudent man to believe that the agent possessed the requisite authority, or, in other words, as would give liim the apparent authority, or estop the, alleged principal from denying that he had full authority. Hay v. Ben. Assn. (at this term) ; McCraw v. Ins. Co., 78 N. C., 149; Story on Agency, secs. 95 and 260. Hay & Bro. could not have known from the face of the drafts thus paid by them that they had been» cashed by the plaintiff bank, as that fact would not be indicated on the draft. If they had been forwarded through the bank at Morganton to a bank at Ealeigh, merely for collection, they would present the same appearance when received by Hay & Bro. as if they had been cashed by the plaintiff bank. The principal might be willing to give his agent authority to draw for his expenses, provided he forwarded the drafts for collection, when he would not risk such an authority with the agent if his drafts were to be cashed by a bank. In the latter case, the principal might be cut off from defenses against his agent which in the former he would have.
Without specifying the particular advantages the principal would have when the dealings are confined strictly between *337himself and his agent without the intervention of a third party, we may say generally that the doctrine of apparent authority or of estoppel would not enter into such a business relation to the prejudice of the principal where no actual authority existed. The principal could also take advantage of the state of his account between himself and his agent, or of the agent’s misconduct, and there are other conceivable defenses he might have against the agent which would not avail him as against an innocent third party.
We have referred to this view of the case for the purpose of remarking that the correspondence between Hay & Bro. and their agent, Hinson, seems to confer an authority, not to have drafts on them cashed at a bank, but to draw for his expenses and forward the drafts for collection. The letter of January 24 clearly shows this to have been what was meant. The only object in having him draw at stated intervals was to remind Hay & Bro. that the instalment for expenses was due, for in that letter they tell him to draw or to write a few days in advance so that they would be reminded to send the check. The letters show that the alleged authority to draw was nothing more than private instructions by Hay & Bro. to their agent as to how he should conduct this part of the business.
The power to bind the principal by the making or endorsing of negotiable paper is an important one, not lightly to be inferred. It should be conferred directly, unless by necessary implication the duties of the agent cannot be performed without the exercise of the power, or where, as otherwise expressed, the power is practically indispensable to accomplish the object of the agency, and the person dealing with the agent must, subject to the principles heretofore stated, see to it that his authority is adequate. Mechem on Agency (1889), secs. 389-393. We cannot read the correspondence to be found in this case without being convinced that there was *338enough upon its face to put the- plaintiff bank upon its guard and to cause an inquiry to be made into tbe agent’s authority before cashing his draft. Further, we think'that the instructions were intended to be private and confidential and not as the basis of credit to be extended to the agent nor as an authority to him to obtain cash from a bank upon drafts to be drawn by him, nor by fair and reasonable implication did they authorize Hinson to make the draft in question. By comparing the correspondence with the draft, the latter' appears at least to be a little out of the ordinary and should have excited suspicion as to the agent’s assumption of authority to draw.
It follows from all we have said that the plaintiff’s right to recover can be maintained neither upon any well-settled principle in the law. of agency nor yet upon any in the law of negotiable instruments, either before or since the adoption of our statute, Nevisal, ch. 54.
There was certainly no harm done the plaintiff when the Court excluded the proposed evidence as to what the agent stated at the time he drew the draft and received the money thereon, namely, that he needed the money to pay his expenses at Asheville while there as agent. His Honor took the correct view of the case and properly directed a nonsuit upon the evidence.
No Error.