On the 5th of May, 1868, the appellants filed their bill in equity, in the Mississippi Circuit Court, in which they allege that, in 1838, one ITowe proved up a pre-emption to the southwest quarter of section 3, in township 15, north of range 13 east, under the act of Congress of 1833, and that the same, iu 1843, by transfer and assignment, came into the hands of Isaac S. Casselberry, the father of complainants; that the same was never offered for sale by the United States government, and in 1850 it' was granted to the State of Arkansas as swamp and overflowed lands; that said Isaac S. and family have, ever since, had actual and continuous possession of said lands, and that under the act of the Legislature *389of 1851, they, or the said Isaac S., had a preference right to purchase said land, and pay for the same in levee work, and that he took, and caused to he completed, a levee contract on said lands-; that said Isaac S. died in 1852; that in June, 1852, said complainant, as administrator, proved up a preemption right, in the proper swamp land office, and on the 28th of March, 1853, purchased said lands and paid in levee work then done, and procured a certificate. That Elliott Hickman, the father of the appellees, well knowing the rights of the complainants, in collusion with or fraud upon the land officers, and in fraud of the rights of the complainants, entered said lands, and procured a deed therefor; and that he, at the November term, 1868, of the Circuit Court of that county, brought an action of ejectment against the complainants. They prayed for. an injunction perpetually restraining all proceedings in ejectment; that the heirs of Elliott Hickman be divested of title, and that title be vested in complainants, as the widow and heirs of said Isaac S. Casselberry, and for geueral relief. Sarah Hickman, Francis Fletcher 'and Juda Murphy answered and denied that Howe ever proved up •a pre-emption right, or that any was transferred, but avered that a pre-emption right was proved up by one Baker, and afterwards, in 1839, assigned to Elliott Hickman. They admit the possession of Casselberry, and that the lands were granted to the State as alleged, the representative character of the complainants, and the death of the said Isaac S., but ■deny that the complainant, Martin Casselberry, as such administrator, ever proved up a pre-emption under State laws.
They aver that they do not know of his levy contract, and ask that he be held to proof, etc. They aver that Elliott Ilickman proved up a pre-emption under State laws, and -entered the land long before Casselberry, and that upon a full and fair trial before the'State Swamp Land Agent, at Helena, .a certificate of entry was granted to him and refused to said Casselberry, and that a deed therefor was duly granted to him by the Governor of the State.
*390Depositions were taken and certificates procured by tlie appellants to show the performance of the levee- contract, and, the application to purchase the lands in such work, and that the lands were taken in part payment for such levee work within a few days after Hickman’s purchase. The appellees took no depositions.
The record entry, preceding the decree, states, “ That it is agreed that Elliott Hickman’s entry is the oldest by at least two days, and that all questions as to pre-emption, either by authority of the United States or the State of Arkansas, are withdrawn and not to be considered, except as to the claims of the complainants under section 4 of the act of January 11, 1851, and the exclusive right of purchase secured by section 13 of the act of the 6th of January, 1851, to persons other than those claiming benefits of pre-emption under acts of Congress.”
By the admissions of the parties, in the pleadings, by 'the evidence and admissions stated upon the record, the case may be stated thus : Casselberry resided on the lands, and -had done so more than twenty-five years; he, through his son, Martin, took a contract to levee the lands, and performed the work.'
Elliott Hickman went to the swamp land office and entered the land; two days after this Casselberry went and entered the same lands as part pay for the levee he had contracted to construct across the laud; a contest was had before the land agent; a patent issued to Hickman and none to Casselberry..
Complainants claim that their rights under section 13 of the act of January 6, and section 4, act of January 11, 1851, are superior to those of appellees.
Appellees claim that said acts conferred no rights or privileges upon Casselberry over other citizens, and that Hickman complied with all the necessary requirements of the swamp land laws, and obtained the patent, and that "his entry was prior in time and should prevail.
It is insisted by the appellees that the appellants acquired *391no preference under tlie 1th section of tlie act of the 11th of January, 1851, because there was no sufficient title in them, or their ancestor, in the front lands upon the bank of the river ; that the levee was made upon the lands in controversy, and not on adjacent lands in front as required by the statute, etc.
It is very clear that the general policy of the land laws, both national and State, has been and is to favor the actual settler; to prefer those who, with their families, push forward to clear up the forests. Such being the general policy of the government, a court of equity, where the language of the statute will justify, should so construe it as to carry out that public policy.
These lands being granted to the State, the object was to reclaim them by the necessary levees and drains, and in addition to the favor due the occupant, it may well have been, supposed that the actual settlers’ personal interest would secure more faithful work than would likely be had at the hands of one whose pay was his only interest,' as to results. With such objects in view, we can see no reasonable intent to exclude one, the title to whose possession might be acquired and the lands protected by such work; and we think it not unreasonable to hold that the man who owned the possessory right and had the occupancy and control of the lands tobe reclaimed, was within the intent and meaning of the act'referred to, and an equitable and liberal construction of the act in favor of those evidently intended to be benefitted by it, embraces the lands occupied, as well those more remote from the levee; and Martin Casselberry being the administrator and an heir of Isaac S., certainly had a right to complete the purchase in behalf of the representatives of the said Isaac deceased.
By section 13 of the act of January 6,1851, it is' provided “ that all persons * * * * who shall reside on or who shall have improved such lands, shall have the exclusive right to purchase thereof, to the extent of their claims, for a period *392of twelve months from and after the date of tlie patents issued by the United States, at the price fixed upon the same,” etc.
It is insisted, however, that this section was modified and limited by the act of the 12th of January, 1853. That -is true, but under the latter act the settler had the same - right of pre-emption, only he was liable to lose the same if he did not make his entry or prove up his pre-emption before the day fixed by the land agent for the public sale of the lands:
In this case, many years of continuous and uninterrupted possession of the lands, is alleged in the complainants and admitted by the defendants; showing clearly a right of preemption in Casselberry, and that right certainly entitled him to this preference, if not forfeited by his act or negligence.
This occupation and all facts necessary to vest jn Casselberry a right of pre-emption, being admitted in the pleadings or shown in evidence, those disputing that right should have shown wherein it had lapsed or been forfeited.
In the case of Hempstead v. Underhills Heirs, 20 Ark., 351, the court said, “ Section 10 of this act” (the act of the 12th of January, 1853) “declares that every head of a family who may hereafter settle upon or who is now a settler upon any of the undisposed of swamp lands and ovcrñoioed lands, shall have a pre-emption right thereto, in exclusion of all persons whatsoever up io the day of such sale, and shall have a right to enter any of the legal subdivisions as above recited, * * * * * but if such settler fail to make such entry before the day set apart for such sale then the right of entry shall be lost, and the lands offered for sale to the highest bidder,” etc.
In a subsequent paragraph of the same case, this court-said : “ Moreover, neither the petition nor the mandamus nor the response states the time at which the appellant received the maps and plats at his office, or the day upon which he made his first public safe, under the act of the 12th of January, 1853, consequently we have nothing before us from which we can determine with any legal certainty, nor had the court *393below, that the entries of Fitzgerald and Norwood were not made, before the day of sale, and within tlie period limited by tlie statute in question.”
In the case now before us, without referring to'the confirmatory historic fact of sale, the record presents neither averment or proof, tending to show that these lands had been offered for sale before the entry made by Casselberry, and as the admissions and testimony show satisfactorily his occupancy of the lands, his agreement and completion of the levee contract, and his entry of the land in payment for the work done under such contract, it seems to create in his favor equities, not to be defeated by a legal title, that can only claim priority in time.
In the case of Branch vs. Mitchell, 24 Ark., 447, this court said: “ Under the act of the lltli of January, 1851, Mitchell had the right, in preference to all others, to take the contract in question, for levying in front of these lands * * * but according to the argument he must go on and complete the levees before ho could select any of the rear lands, and in the meantime, Jordan, or any other person might purchase these lands, as swamp lands, from the State, or buy them of the United States, and so defeat his pre-emption right altogether; that would make the right truly a visionary and unsubstantial thing. Either he could make the selection at any time, as the work progressed, and so prevent any sale of the same lands to others, or he could require the commissioners not to sell any of the rear lands which he might have a right to take in preferment to other persons.”
Further, they say, “No matter at what date he selected the lands, if he finished the work in whole or in part, and the commissioners approved of and received it, and the amount due for it -were enough to pay for the lands, they became his, and his title, if necessary, as against any intervening purchaser or claimant, would relate to the 11th of January, 1851, on which day the right of preference, in building the levee and taking these lands in payment, vested. And it is quite *394clear that having the right of pre-emption of the land, and having taken the contract to build the levee, and commenced the work, he could not be ousted of his right of pre-emption by a purchase made by any other person even from, the State, though he did not select the lands until after such purchase.”
If these rulings be correct, upon the whole record before us, the complainants ought to have recovered.
In our opinion' Casselberry had a preference right in the levee contract. The work was done and accepted for thedand, and that gave a paramount title, and the- swamp land department should have so decided.'
All are presumed to know the law. Hickman, knowing of Casselberry’s possession and claim of title, must therefore have known he had a preference right, and knowing of this right, it was a fraud on his part to attempt to enter these lands from-under the occupants, who were then completing payment for them, and courts of equity will not encourage such practices.
We hold that the equitable title of the appellants is superior to the prior, legal title of the appellees, and a decree according to the prayer of the bill will be rendered in this court.
Bennett, J., did not sit in this case.
IIon. J. It. Harrington, Spec-ud Judge.