A car dealership sued its former employee and a competing dealership, alleging that the two conspired to steal business worth millions of dollars. Based on an arbitration agreement between the plaintiff dealership and the former employee (Lisa Marasco), the trial court sent claims against the employee to arbitration. The issue in this case is whether the trial court should have also sent the claims against the competing dealership-a nonparty to the arbitration agreement. The defendant dealership argued that under principles of equitable estoppel, all claims against both defendants should be arbitrated. The trial court disagreed, and we do too.
I.
In 2015, Asbury Jax Ford, LLC, doing business as Coggin Ford, acquired a car dealership in Jacksonville, Florida. The acquired dealership had a contract and longstanding relationship with the City of Tallahassee, to which it sold many vehicles. When Coggin acquired the other dealership, it acquired the Tallahassee contract as well, and it hoped to continue the related sales. But in 2016, the City decided not to renew the contract, instead opening the procurement process and publicly requesting proposals. The Coggin dealership submitted its proposal, but the contract ultimately went to a competing dealership, Beck Auto Sales, Inc., a dealership in Palatka, Florida, and the appellant here.
Two months after the Beck dealership won the new contract, the Coggin dealership sued the Beck dealership and Lisa Marasco. According to the complaint, Marasco, while still working for the Coggin dealership, had actively worked to sabotage Coggin's relationship with the City, hoping to prevent the contract's renewal. The complaint further alleged that Marasco and the Beck dealership acted in a "joint effort" to help the Beck dealership win the contract, which it ultimately did. After Beck took over the contract, it hired *767Marasco to come on board and manage the new relationship.
The Coggin dealership's complaint included the following seven claims: (1) breach of fiduciary duty (against Marasco); (2) aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty (against Beck); (3) conversion (against Marasco); (4) civil conspiracy (against Marasco and Beck); (5) tortious interference (against Marasco and Beck); (6) unfair competition (against Marasco and Beck); and (7) a violation of the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act (against Marasco and Beck).
In response to the complaint, Marasco moved to compel arbitration of all claims against her and the Beck dealership. She attached a written arbitration agreement she and the Coggin dealership had entered, in which the two agreed to arbitrate certain disputes relating to Marasco's employment. More specifically, the agreement provided that the "[d]isputes subject to arbitration" would be "all [d]isputes between the parties" as well as "disputes involving any person or entity whose liability or right of recovery derives from a [d]ispute" covered by the agreement. Although the Beck dealership was not a party to the agreement, Marasco argued that the Coggin dealership's claims alleged "substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct" against both defendants. And under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, Marasco argued, all claims should be arbitrated. The Beck dealership separately moved to compel arbitration, expressly adopting Marasco's arguments.
The Coggin dealership agreed to arbitrate its claims against Marasco, but it refused to arbitrate those against the Beck dealership. It argued, among other things, that equitable estoppel did not apply because the claims against the two defendants were not truly inextricably intertwined. After a hearing, the lower court denied the Beck dealership's motion to compel arbitration. The court found that Beck was not a party to the arbitration agreement and that the equitable-estoppel argument was insufficient to deprive the Coggin dealership of its right to a jury. Beck now appeals that nonfinal order. We have jurisdiction, see Fla. R. App. P. 9.130(a)(3)(C)(iv)1 , and our review is de novo, see Perdido Key Island Resort Dev., L.L.P. v. Regions Bank , 102 So.3d 1, 3 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012).
II.
Ordinarily, a party cannot compel arbitration under an arbitration agreement to which it was not a party. Koechli v. BIP Int'l, Inc. , 870 So.2d 940, 943 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004). But Florida and federal courts have recognized that principles of equitable estoppel sometimes allow a non-signatory to compel arbitration against someone who had signed an arbitration agreement. Perdido Key , 102 So.3d at 5 ; see also Bailey v. ERG Enters., LP , 705 F.3d 1311, 1320 (11th Cir. 2013). Courts have recognized that this can be appropriate (1) when the signatory's claims allege "substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct" by the signatory and the non-signatory or (2) when the claims relate directly to the contract and the signatory is relying on the contract to assert its claims against the non-signatory. Koechli , 870 So.2d at 944 (citations omitted); see also Bailey , 705 F.3d at 1320. Here, the Beck dealership relies exclusively on the first circumstance; it alleges that claims against it and Marasco allege *768"substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct." And indeed, the thrust of the complaint is that Marasco and the Beck dealership acted in concert to harm the Coggin dealership.
Assuming we agreed with the Beck dealership and concluded the claims were interdependent, our inquiry would not be over. Application of equitable estoppel could address the Beck dealership's non-signatory status-effectively counting it as a signatory-but it would not expand the scope of disputes subject to arbitration. Although Florida law, like federal law, favors arbitration, Perdido Key , 102 So.3d at 3 ; see also Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp. , 460 U.S. 1, 24-25, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983), it is still true that "no party may be forced to submit a dispute to arbitration that the party did not intend and agree to arbitrate," Perdido Key , 102 So.3d at 3 (quoting Seifert v. U.S. Home Corp. , 750 So.2d 633, 636 (Fla. 1999) ). Therefore, even when a non-signatory can rely on equitable estoppel "to access [the arbitration] clause," the non-signatory can compel arbitration only if the dispute at issue "falls within the scope of the arbitration clause." Kroma Makeup EU, LLC v. Boldface Licensing + Branding, Inc. , 845 F.3d 1351, 1355 (11th Cir. 2017) (applying Florida law). And the "scope of the arbitration clause" is a pure matter of contractual interpretation.
The arbitration provision here covered a wide range of disputes, including those "arising before, during or after any employment relationship," and applying "whether or not arising out of or related to [Marasco's] ... employment." But as noted above, the arbitration provision generally limited its applicability to disputes "between the parties" to the arbitration agreement, meaning it would not reach disputes involving the Beck dealership (a nonparty). Unlike in Koechli , when we similarly recognized that the agreement's reach was limited to "any dispute between the [contracting] parties" but nonetheless concluded the non-signatory was effectively a "party," we can conceive of no basis to conclude the Beck dealership was a party to the agreement between Marasco and the Coggin dealership. See 870 So.2d at 945 (holding that based on unique facts of the case, "the word 'party' include[d] appellants, who received rights and were bound to obligations under the [applicable] agreement").2 At bottom, the Beck dealership was not a party to the arbitration agreement, so disputes with it fall outside of the agreement's general scope.
Acknowledging this problem, the Beck dealership turns to another provision of the arbitration agreement, a provision that broadens the agreement's general scope: "Also subject to arbitration are disputes involving any person or entity whose liability or right of recovery derives from a Dispute that is covered by this Agreement (e.g., partner, agent, subsidiary of parent corporation, affiliate, shareholder, successor or assign of a party)." This provision expands the scope to include disputes involving others, but only to the extent the other parties' liability "derives from" a covered dispute. The Beck dealership therefore argues that its liability "derives *769from" the dispute between the Coggin dealership and Marasco.
"Derivative liability is similar to vicarious liability in that (1) there is no cause of action unless the directly liable tortfeasor commits a tort and (2) the derivatively liable party is liable for all of the harm that such a tortfeasor has caused." Peltz v. Tr. Hosp. Int'l, LLC , No. 3D17-428, 242 So.3d 518, 520 n.6, 2018 WL 1733924, *2 n.6 (Fla. 3d DCA Apr. 11, 2018) (quoting Grobman v. Posey , 863 So.2d 1230, 1236 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003) ); cf. also Derivative Liability, Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (defining term as "[l]iability for a wrong that a person other than the one wronged has a right to redress"); Grobman , 863 So.2d at 1235-36 (noting that cases of derivative liability "involve wrongful conduct both by the person who is derivatively liable and the actor whose wrongful conduct was the direct cause of injury to another" (citation omitted) ).
We conclude that the Beck dealership's liability (if any) does not "derive from" the remaining disputes as that phrase is used in the agreement. The claims are unquestionably related, and they may well ultimately rise or fall together. But we cannot ignore the fact that the arbitration provision used the specific phrase "derives from," rather than a more general term, like, say, "relates to." Cf . Kroma , 845 F.3d at 1356 ("If the parties had consented in the arbitration clause to arbitrate any disputes concerning the validity, interpretation, etc., of the contract, instead of consenting to arbitrate only 'disputes arising between them ' ..., the Kardashians may have been able to use equitable estoppel .... But, as the 'between them' language shows, that is not what the parties to the agreement consented to do in the arbitration provision."). Nor can we ignore the fact that the agreement includes specific examples of liability that could derive from other disputes: "(e.g., partner, agent, subsidiary of parent corporation, affiliate, shareholder, successor or assign of a party)." Had the parties sought a broader view of what it means for liability to "derive from" other disputes, they surely would have selected different examples. We cannot ignore the words the drafters chose.
III.
The Coggin dealership's claims against the Beck dealership are not claims based upon derivative liability; they are based on Beck's own alleged misconduct. That means the claims are not within the scope of the arbitration agreement. And that means the trial court correctly denied the motion to compel.3
AFFIRMED.
Rowe, J., concurs; Wolf, J., dissents with opinion.