*100¶ 1 Elizabeth Cates claims that Integris wrongfully billed her for services she received after being admitted to one of Integris's facilities following a car accident. She also claims that Integris has performed the same wrongful billing practice on other patients. The question in this appeal is whether these patients may pursue state-law remedies for their alleged harms.
¶ 2 Cates brought state-law claims for breach of contract, deceit, and violation of the Oklahoma Consumer Protection Act, 15 O.S. §§ 751 et seq . But Integris argues that Cates's claims are expressly preempted by the federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act2 (ERISA). This is so, says Integris, because the claims "relate to" an ERISA plan.3 According to Integris, Cates may vindicate her rights only through pleading a claim under the cause of action established in ERISA.4 The district court agreed with Integris and dismissed Cates's claims. We now reverse and hold that Cates's state-law claims are not expressly preempted and may proceed below.
I.
¶ 3 This case arises out of two agreements: one between Cates and Integris, the other between Integris and Cates's health insurance Participating Provider Organization (PPO). The agreement between Cates and Integris is a hospital admission form she signed that provides the promise of healthcare and services in exchange for Cates's promise to comply with hospital rules.5 It also specifies that Cates is responsible for all charges "that remain after any third party payment ... unless the Hospital is prohibited by contract between third party and Hospital from billing Patient for these amounts."6 The second agreement at issue, *101the one between Integris and the PPO, is called a "Participating Hospital Agreement," and it secures medical services for insurance-plan beneficiaries in exchange for the hospital's promise to accept pre-arranged, discounted prices.7 According to Cates, it also specifies that the hospital may not bill her "except for a copay or deductible or coinsurance, or, in cases where Integris has confirmed the services are not covered, advised the patient the services are not covered prior to delivering the services, and the patient agreed to pay for those services."8
¶ 4 Cates argues that these two agreements work in tandem to require Integris first to submit all charges to her insurance provider before billing her directly.9 She alleges that following her hospital visit, Integris did not submit the charges to her insurer as required, but instead simply filed and asserted a lien against her. She also alleges that Integris has employed the same billing tactic with many of its patients.10 Accordingly, Cates brought a class action against Integris alleging the following four claims: (1) breach of contract, (2) breach of contract to which Cates is a third-party beneficiary, (3) violation of the Oklahoma Consumer Protection Act, and (4) "deceit."11
¶ 5 Integris countered that Cates's claims were "completely" preempted, meaning that they should be treated as federal ERISA claims and could be removed to federal court.12 Upon removal, however, the federal courts disagreed and remanded the case back to state court for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.13
¶ 6 Integris now argues that Cates's state-law claims are "expressly" preempted, meaning that they cannot be brought at all.14 The Oklahoma district court agreed and granted Integris's motion to dismiss on that basis. Cates then filed this appeal, which we retained.
II.
¶ 7 The standard of review for a district court's decision granting a motion to dismiss15 is de novo .16 The purpose of such a *102review is to test the law that governs the claim, not the underlying facts.17 As such, we take all factual allegations in the petition as true and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom.18 We also do not require the plaintiff to specify a theory of recovery, nor a particular remedy.19 If relief is possible under any set of facts that can be gleaned from the petition, the motion to dismiss should be denied.20
¶ 8 The particular law tested in this motion to dismiss is ERISA express preemption-a treacherous "thicket" for any court to navigate.21 The basis for ERISA express preemption is found at 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a), which states "[ERISA] shall supersede any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any [ERISA] plan." The key in that standard is the phrase "relate to."22 The U.S. Supreme Court has said that those words give ERISA a preemption clause that is "conspicuous for its breadth,"23 preempting anything that "relates to" an ERISA plan in the "normal ... common sense" meaning of the phrase.24 But the Supreme Court has also said that "relate to" cannot be taken to its logical extreme, lest we find ourselves playing Six Degrees of ERISA, where everything eventually relates to an ERISA plan.25 Our job is thus to determine whether Cates's claims fairly "relate to" her ERISA plan, not in the broadest sense of the phrase, but rather in its "normal ... common sense" meaning.
A.
¶ 9 Integris argues that Cates's claims "relate to" an ERISA plan because they cannot be decided without reference to her underlying employee benefit plan-a.k.a the ERISA "Plan."26 Specifically, Integris contends that "any right to have INTEGRIS bill and accept payment from the Plan rather than Plaintiff, applies only to services covered under the terms of the Plan,"27 and thus that Cates's claims cannot be adjudicated without interpretation of what is and is not a "covered" charge under the plan.28 This is especially true, argues Integris, because the real right Cates seeks to vindicate is her right to receive an in-network discount for the services rendered-a discount that applies only to "covered" services under the plan.29 If Integris is correct, it would appear *103that its express-preemption defense is a strong one.30
¶ 10 Integris's argument, however, misapprehends the thrust of Cates's case. Cates isn't asking for Integris to accept payment from her health insurer for these bills, and she isn't looking for a discount.31 Rather, Cates says that the two contracts she references (the admission form and the PPO agreement) prohibit Integris from billing her at all if Integris did not first submit those charges for confirmation of coverage and authorization . In other words, under Cates's theory, it does not matter whether the charges were "covered," only whether they were first submitted to the insurer. Accordingly, there would be no need to reference and interpret the ERISA plan in order to ascertain what was and wasn't "covered" or to itemize her bill into what would or wouldn't have been discounted. In the words of Plaintiff's counsel, if Integris failed to first submit the charges to the insurer, Integris "get[s] zero."32
¶ 11 An examination of each of Cates's claims bears this out. First is her claim for breach of contract, the elements of which are (1) the formation of a contract, (2) breach of the contract, and (3) damages as a result of that breach.33 Cates alleges she formed a contract with Integris when she signed the hospital admission form34 providing that she would be responsible for payment "unless the Hospital is prohibited by contract between third party and Hospital from billing Patient for these amounts."35 She claims that such a third-party contract exists (the PPO agreement) and that it prohibits Integris from billing her unless it first submits the charges to her insurer for review. She further alleges that Integris billed her without first submitting the charges to her insurer for review, thus breaching both the PPO agreement and the admission form. Cates also alleges that Integris filed and asserted a lien against her for the relevant charges and that she and every other putative class member have suffered damages as a result of Integris's billing practices.36 Assuming each of these allegations to be true, Cates has stated a colorable claim for relief-and has done so without reference to the ERISA plan.
¶ 12 The same is true of Cates's claim for breach of a contract to which she is a third-party beneficiary (i.e. , the PPO agreement), as it was necessarily breached as part of her first claim, and the only additional element she must prove is that the PPO agreement was made expressly for her benefit.37 Cates alleges as much in her petition,38 and we have no trouble inferring that a PPO agreement is made for the express benefit of the insurance beneficiaries receiving services under it.
¶ 13 Cates's third claim alleges a violation of the Oklahoma Consumer Protection Act, 15 O.S. §§ 751 et seq . That law authorizes "a private right of action" whenever *104a person commits "any act or practice declared to be a violation of the Consumer Protection Act."39 Cates claims a violation of the provisions that prohibit "[k]nowingly caus[ing] a charge to be made by any billing method to a consumer for services ... or products which the person knows was not authorized in advance by the consumer."40 Again, based on Cates's interpretation of the two agreements at issue,41 there is a conceivable set of facts by which she could establish that she did not consent to the relevant charges and that Integris knew that when it billed her-and again, she could do all of this without reference to the ERISA plan.
¶ 14 Cates's last claim is for what she calls "deceit." In this count, she alleges that Integris, through filing and asserting its lien against each putative class member, represented that each class member was indebted to Integris.42 She then claims that the representation-in light of her theory of the case-is false, that it is material, that Integris made it either with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard for its truth, that Integris made it with the intention that each class member act upon it, and that each class member has been harmed as a result.43 This sounds a lot like the basis for a common-law fraud claim,44 especially if Cates could establish that class members relied on the lien in paying on the debt or otherwise acting to their detriment. This claim can also be made without any reference to the ERISA plan; the only documents Cates needs are the lien, the two agreements she relies upon to demonstrate that it was wrongfully filed, and whatever evidence she has to demonstrate she acted upon it to her detriment. A set of facts thus exists for which relief would be possible without reference to the ERISA plan.
B.
¶ 15 Because we are applying federal law, we are cognizant of federal court decisions analyzing ERISA preemption. The conclusion we reach today is consistent with those decisions. Most analogous is the Seventh Circuit's decision in Kolbe & Kolbe Health & Welfare Benefit Plan v. Medical College of Wisconsin, Inc .45 In Kolbe, the ERISA plan itself sought to bring state-law, breach-of-contract claims against a hospital, alleging-just as Cates-that the hospital had breached third-party-provider agreements to which the plaintiffs were express beneficiaries.46 There, the hospital had requested, accepted, and retained payment from the plan for services rendered to a patient that was not an insured under the plan.47 The plan argued that this was a breach of the network provider agreements because those agreements naturally provided insurance payments only for services provided to insurance beneficiaries.
*10548 The district court dismissed the plan's claims as expressly preempted, but the Seventh Circuit reversed, holding that those claims "d[id] not require interpreting or applying the Plan, nor d[id] [they] relate to the Plan in any significant way."49 Just as here, the court explained that "plaintiffs' pleadings make it unnecessary to review the Plan," and that the state-law claims could be resolved with reference to only "the member or service agreements and the provider agreements."50 The Seventh Circuit then bolstered its decision with the conclusion that "plaintiffs' state law breach of contract action is an area of traditional state regulation that contains allegations which seek to satisfy the statutory objectives of ERISA and is not an alternative enforcement mechanism of ERISA."51 The same is true here.
¶ 16 We are also persuaded by two other federal appellate decisions in which a healthcare provider was the plaintiff seeking to avoid express preemption.52 In those cases the healthcare providers treated patients after receiving assurances from the ERISA plan53 that the services were covered, but were then denied payment from the plan once the providers submitted their requests.54 In holding that the providers' claims were not preempted, both courts noted that the providers' relevant state-law claims did not seek to recover benefits under the ERISA plans, but rather sought to recover damages that resulted from the providers' reliance on the plans' alleged misrepresentations.55 In other words, plaintiffs were-as here-pressing claims that did not rely on an interpretation of the plan in order to secure relief.56
¶ 17 These federal courts also looked to two other factors that support today's decision. First, the courts also looked to the capacity of the parties as an indication that the claims were not preempted.57 The Fifth Circuit in Memorial Hospital System explained that "the most important factor for a court to consider in deciding whether a state law affects an employee benefit plan 'in too tenuous, remote, or peripheral a manner to be preempted' is whether the state law affects relations among ERISA's named entities"-i.e., "the employer, the plan, the plan fiduciaries, and the beneficiaries."58 The court then held that because the hospital sued in its capacity as a hospital (rather than in its capacity as the assignee of patient's benefits) and because the insurer was sued based solely on its promise to pay (rather than on its obligations under the ERISA plan), these claims did not threaten to impact the relations between two ERISA entities, and thus were not what Congress intended to eliminate when it decided to preempt that *106which might "relate to" an ERISA plan.59 The Tenth Circuit cited Memorial Hospital System to hold the same in Hospice of Metro Denver, Inc .60
¶ 18 Second, the federal courts asked whether the plaintiffs would have adequate alternative recourse in the event their state-law claims were preempted-in other words: could they bring federal-law claims under ERISA?61 In both cases, the plan had denied payment upon its determination that the services rendered were not covered under the express terms of the plan, which, as both courts explained, meant that the provider would not be successful in the event it sought recovery under the ERISA cause of action.62 While both courts noted that the lack of a remedy under ERISA does not normally affect a preemption determination, both courts nevertheless found it useful to consider-especially in terms of whether such a result furthered Congress's intent with ERISA.63 As the Fifth Circuit explained in Memorial Hospital System :
If providers have no recourse under either ERISA or state law in situations such as the one sub judice (where there is no coverage under the express terms of the plan, but a provider has relied on assurances that there is such coverage), providers will be understandably reluctant to accept the risk of non-payment, and may require up-front payment by beneficiaries-or impose other inconveniences-before treatment will be offered. This does not serve, but rather directly defeats, the purpose of Congress in enacting ERISA.64
¶ 19 Both factors cut in favor of allowing Cates's claims to proceed in this case. First, Cates's claims do not affect the relations between ERISA entities. The healthcare provider in this case (Integris) is not Cates's employer, the ERISA plan, or a plan fiduciary, nor is it acting in the capacity of the beneficiary in this lawsuit. As in the two cases above, Integris is merely acting as a hospital. Moreover, Cates (the plan beneficiary) isn't acting in her capacity as an ERISA principal, as she is not using this action to recover benefits under the terms of her plan. Rather, she is seeking to enforce a promise made outside the ERISA plan, again just like the claimants in the two previously cited cases. Cates is merely a patient suing her hospital-nothing more.
¶ 20 Second, the result of Integris's argument is that Cates is left without any legal recourse to challenge its billing practices. While arguably Cates could file an ERISA claim against Integris to enforce her rights under the plan,65 she can prevail only if the services were actually covered by her ERISA plan. If Integris is right, however, and the services Cates received were not covered, then Cates is in the very same position as the hospitals would have been in the two cases above: left holding the bag. "Congress's primary purpose in enacting ERISA," however, "was to protect the interests of plan beneficiaries,"66 and the Fifth Circuit in Memorial Hospital System explained that when providers erect obstacles *107to those beneficiaries' procurement of services, the providers "directly defeat" Congress's purpose.67 If Integris was required to submit Cates's bill to a third party as part of the bargain struck for healthcare, Integris's refusal to do so represents the very kind of obstacle Congress sought to eliminate, and one that we think Congress would want removed even if state law must do the lifting.
* * *
¶ 21 Based on the allegations in Cates's petition, we hold that she has stated claims for relief that do not "relate to" her ERISA plan as that term has been interpreted by the federal courts. Accordingly, Integris's motion to dismiss on the ground of express preemption should have been denied. The judgment of the trial court is therefore reversed, and the case is remanded with instructions to proceed in a manner consistent with this opinion.68
Combs, C.J., Gurich, V.C.J., Winchester, Edmondson, Reif, and Wyrick, JJ., concur.
Colbert, J., dissents.
Kauger, J., not participating.