OPINION OP THE COURT.
There was a proceeding in the probate court of Bernalillo county involving the estate of Aline Mathilde Julia Bouvard Cardoner*deceased. During the progress of the hearing charges and counter charges were made between plaintiff in error and Joseph R. Wilson, executor of the estate of Mrs. Cardoner. Mr. Wilson was an attorney at law, as was also plaintiff in error. Prior to the proceeding in question plaintiff in error had been employed by Mme. Pauchet, the daughter of Mrs. Cardoner, to represent her, and the disparaging letters on both sides were written to Mme. Pauchet. With the view of probing the whole matter the district judge before whom the case was then pending upon appeal from the probate court made an order upon Mr. Wilson and plaintiff in error to produce *114the correspondence in question, so that the matter might be fully investigated in the-court, and such action as was deemed proper might be taken by him by disciplining counsel if . they had been guilty, of professional misconduct. At first plaintiff in error indicated entire willingness to submit to the court copies of-all of his correspondence upon the subject, but he afterwards protested against doing "so upon the ground that the communications were privileged. In taking this position plaintiff in error did not disclose to the court the substance and effect of the correspondence so that the court might itself determine whether the same was privileged or not. On the other hand, he undertook to decide for himself that the correspondence was privileged, and that therefore he. was at liberty to decline to produce the same. The court made ■ an order upon plaintiff in error, requiring him to produce this correspondence, and from this judgment this writ of error has been sued out.
[1] There is a fundamental error in the position taken by plaintiff in error in this case. It is not for counsel to decide whether a communication with his client is privileged, but it is a matter for judicial determination, after the communications have been produced and submitted to. the court.
Thus it- is ■ said in 1 Thornton ’-on Attorneys at Law, § 96:
“Whether, a communication by a client to his attorney was made in confidence is a question of fact to be disposed of by the court.- It is requisite, 'in every instance, that' it shall be judicially determined whether the particular Communication in question is .really privileged;-.and, in order that-such determination may be advisedly made, r it is indispensable that the court shall bé apprised, through preliminary inquiry, of the characterizing circumstances; The general rule is that there is. no presumption of privilege, although its .allowance in a clear case may be founded upon, the voluntary, statement of the attorney that’ his knowledge of the fact, concerning which he is requested'to testify, was acquired in professional confidence.. But the-witness is • not-entitled-to decide the question for. himself. This .province of the court cannot be *115thus usurped. If it could be it-is obvious-that the rule under consideration, which is designed to promote the administration of justice, might readily be used for its obstruction and become in consequence , too'pérnicious to be'tolerated. The privileged character of-the communication "must-appear.
See, also, Jeanes v. Fridenberg, 3 Clark 199, 5 Pa. Law, J. 65; Mitchell’s Case, 12 Abb. Prac. (N. Y.) 249; People’s Bank of Buffalo et al. v. Brown et al., 112 Fed. 654, 50 C. C. A. 411.
Counsel for plaintiff in error cites sections .97, 99, and 115 of Thornton on Attorneys, but the propositions there set out are not relevant to the question before the court.
•It follows from the foregoing that the judgment of the district court was correct, and should be affirmed; and it is so ordered.
ROBERTS, C. J., and RAYNOLDS, J., concur.