By Court,
This was a petition in the form of an action of assumpsit upon a note lost or destroyed, with a common count for goods, wares, and merchandise. The appellee filed a demurrer to the petition, which was overruled by the court. He then filed a special plea to the first count, which was demurred to by appellee, and his demurrer was sustained, with leave to appellant to amend. The latter then amended his special plea, and filed the general issue, and the appellee joined issue upon the pleas. These proceedings were had at the September term, 1863,
When issue was joined the appellant applied for a continuance founded upon an affidavit, setting forth the absence of two material witnesses whose attendance he had diligently attempted to procure, without success. The court granted the continuance. At the April term, 1864, the appellant again applied for a continuance upon another affidavit, upon the ground of the absence and materiality of two other witnesses, different from those mentioned at the preceding term.
This application was refused by the court. The parties then, by agreement, dispensed with a jury, and submitted the case to the court for trial, and after hearing the testimony the court found a verdict for the appellee, and rendered judgment. The appellant then moved through the formalities of a new trial and arrest of judgment, both of which were overruled, and then he appealed to this court. The appellant assigns for error, the overruling of the demurrer to the declaration, the refusing a continuance, and the giving judgment for the plaintiff, and not for the defendant.
The objection made to the petition is, that it did not sufficiently aver the mode and manner of the loss or destruction of the note sued upon, and the search which had been made to find it. The loss or destruction of the note is dis*371tinctly and positively averred, and tbis was sufficient. The manner and fact of the loss or destruction, and the diligence of the search to find it, were matters of proof, all of which would be given and contested by counter evidence under the averment of the declaration. We see no error in overruling the demurrer.
The appellant in his special plea averred that he and the appellee had been partners in trade, and that upon the settlement of their affairs at the conclusion of their partnership, he gave to the appellee the note in question for six hundred dollars, a balance which the latter claimed to be due him. That the appellee had kept the books and accounts of the concern falsely and fraudulently, and- by false and fraudulent representations had procured the appellant to give the note sued upon, when in truth and fact he did not owe the appellee any sum of money whatever, and that therefore the note was given without consideration.
At the September term, 1863, the appellant, in his affidavit for a continuance, swore to the absence of one E. Juan Doris, of the county of San Miguel, and Manuela Espinosa, of the county of Mora, by whom he expected to prove false entries in the books of the partnership, made by appellee, and that he knew of no other witnesses by whom he could prove the same facts he wished to prove by them.
At the April term, 1864, to obtain a further continuance, the appellant made another - affidavit setting forth the absence of Lawrence M. Peterson and Jesus Maria Ribera, who, he alleged, were material witnesses in his behalf, and by whom he expected to prove that at the settlement of the partnership the appellee was largely indebted to the appellant, and not the appellant indebted to the appellee, and also by Peterson that the note was obtained by the representations of the appellee that the entries in the books of the partnership were correct.
The affidavit also stated that the appellant knew of no other witnesses by whom he could prove the same facts, and that he had them in attendance at the previous September term.
The granting or refusing of continuances is matter left to *372the sound discretion of the court. The granting it can not be maintained as error. We will not saj that there may not be such a violent and wanton refusal of a continuance by a court as to authorize an appellate court to review and arrest the action of the district court. It must, however, be a clear and palpable abuse of the discretion reposed by law in the court. In this case the appellant obtained one continuance upon his own affidavit. He claimed Doris was a material witness, residing beyond the limits of Mora county. At the nest term he made another affidavit, and his counsel moved for another continuance. In this no mention was made of the witnesses whose testimony was so material at the previous term. Two other persons had become material, and he says they were both summoned and present at the term preceding. He states that he expects to prove by both of said witnesses that at the time of the settlement of the copartnership the appellee was largely indebted to him, instead of his being indebted to the ap-pellee. If this be true, then these witnesses could prove for him a complete defense against the note sued upon.
The suggestion will shape itself into the inquiry, did he not know at the previous term the testimony those witnesses would give ? He says he had them summoned and they were in attendance. This would indicate he knew the importance of what they would testify. If not, why procure their presence-at court? Yet, in his first affidavit, he swears he knew of no other witnesses except Doris and Espinosa, by whom he could prove the facts of his defense. In the last affidavit he states that he knew of no other witnesses except Peterson and Ribera by whom he could prove his defense set up in his special plea. Furthermore, he stated he had caused subpoenas from the clerk’s office to be issued and placed in the hands of the sheriff in due time before the session. Yet it does not appear that either Peterson or Ribera were summoned, though the former lived within three miles and the latter eight miles of the court-house, and any day during the term the continuance was applied for, the former might have been summoned within less than one hour, and the latter in less than two hours. True, the *373affidavit says be was informed after the commencement of tlie court that Nib era was sick, but be forbears any explanation of tbe nature and extent of tbe sickness, nor does be state that be bimself believes his«witness unable to attend court by reason of any serious malady. Tbe application to continue was presented on tbe second day of the term.
We now look at this whole case as it stands in tbe record. Many efforts have been made by defendants, in courts, to delay causes by continuances from time to time; but it is seldom that a clearer and more naked case is presented than this we are now considering, where tbe sole object of tbe continuance sought was delay and tbe postponement of tbe plaintiff below in tbe prosecution for tbe attainment of bis justrights. Tbe appellant denied that such was bis motive, and some urge that his denial must be taken as conclusive by tbe court. Tbe subject-matter of affidavits for continuances is submitted to a court for its inspection and dissection. It is tbe duty of tbe court to be on tbe alert, that its understanding may not be deceived, imposed upon, or misled to tbe promotion of frauds and chicaneries and tbe prevention or delay .of justice, Tbe affidavits are prepared by the litigants’ counsel, and it is easy for them to deceive affiants as to tbe import of what is written for them to swear to. If a counsel should be unscrupulous, and lost bimself to a just sense of honor and truth, such as bis profession should cultivate and does demand, be may assure bis client that much be swears to is mere matter of form, which must be complied with to conform to tbe rules of the court.
In this way very honest yet illiterate men may have their confidence abused by one in whose knowledge and position they may confide. These are considerations to induce a court tó examine well tbe c.onsisteneies and inconsistencies of repeated affidavits for continuances. Tbe judge must be dull, indeed, of understanding, or reckless of bis duties in tbe administration of the laws and justice, who does not guard against tbe base practices, tricks, and frauds which are sometimes interposed for tbe sole purpose of thwarting tbe ends of justice by defeating or delaying what *374is right, honest, and lawful. When such interpositions are presented, the judge should have the sagacity and discernment to discover them, and turn them from the accomplishment*of their nefarious designs.
In this case, the court, in granting the first continuance, was indulgent to the defendant below. The diligence manifested by him was of a slight character. In the second instance it was almost wholly deficient. He says he caused subpoenas to issue, which were never served, although the witnesses were within eight miles of the court-house, and it is known to one of the members of this court, that the defendant below lived within two miles of said house. The first affidavit set forth two witnesses, by whom the defendant said he expected to prove a part of his special plea, and no others were known by whom the like could be proved. The second wholly ignores the two first named, and finds two others by whom defendant expected to prove his entire defense, and, important as they were, they had not been summoned. From all these facts and circumstances the conviction will force itself upon the mind, that the defendant or his counsel was relying upon defending against the plaintiff as long as possible by means of affidavits. There is a time in all causes when the court should s,ee closed the affidavit defense. If not, the fairest claim, vested in a man of the highest integrity, may be postponed or finally defeated by dint of continued affidavits, and the more unscrupulous the defendant or his counsel may be, the more flagrant may be the wrongs inflicted.. It is the opinion of this court, that the court below exercised its discretion soundly and wisely in refusing the continuance.
The appellant’s counsel contends that the court below erred in giving judgment for the appellee. This refers to the testimony given upon the trial. B. H. Tompkins testified (and he was attorney for the appellee) that he filed in the clerk’s office of the Mora district court, with John Shock, the then clerk, a declaration with a note, the latter executed by the appellant to the appellee, for the sum of six hundred dollars, dated on the twenty-seventh day of April, 1861, payable twelve months after date, with interest at the *375rate of twelve per cent.; that the papers were filed in July, 1862; that he had seen the defendant write, and was acquainted with his handwriting, and believed the note to have been written and signed by Thomas; that it was «all in the same handwriting; that he has never seen the note since he filed it; that he had applied to Mr. Shock, and to Mr. G-uttman, a subsequent clerk, and to Mr. Ellison, the present clerk, but could get information of the note from any of them; that in company with Mr. Ellison he searched the clerk’s office, but could not find it. Mr. Ellison testified, that in September, 1863, along with Mr. Tompkins, he searched the records and clerk’s office of the Mora district court for the papers in all the cases that appeared upon the docket for the Mora court, but could find neither the note nor the declaration. He also had made every other inquiry and effort to obtain information in relation to the papers of the Mora court that he thought likely to be available, but could get none, nor had he been able, up to the time of the trial of the cause, to ascertain where the papers were, or if they were in existence.
Upon this testimony, the court, without the intervention of a jury, found for the plaintiff below, the amount of the note and the interest, and rendered judgment against the defendant. It may here be stated, that the county of Mora formerly was included in the second judicial district, which had its judge and clerk; that in the winter of 1863, the legislature merged the whole of the said district within the first district, and Mr. Ellison, as the clerk of the latter,' succeeded to, and became the lawful custodian of all the records, books, and papers which pertained to the second district which had become a part of the first. The plaintiff below had instituted his suit against the defendant before the second district had ceased to exist, but the papers in the case, with the note, never came to the hands of Mr. Ellison, nor to his knowledge. The plaintiff filed a new declaration, averring the loss or destruction of the note.
It is insisted that the proof of loss and search was not sufficient to authorize the rendition of the judgment for the plaintiff. The contents of the note, and the loss, the hand*376writing of tbe defendant and his signature, were clearly proven by Tompkins. Tbe search was abundant. Tompkins applied to the previous clerks, but derived from them no information of the note. With Mr. Ellison, the clerk’s office and the papers seem to have been diligently searched.
Mr. Ellison had become by law the custodian of all the former papers of the second district. It was the duty of the preceding clerk to deliver to him all the records, books, and papers which were in the office of the second district. It is to be presumed such was done. Litigants then had to inquire of Mr. Ellison for the records and the papers pertaining to their causes. The search made by him seems to have been a thorough search. The inquiries and efforts made by him to obtain a knowledge of the existence of the papers were fruitless. We do not think the plaintiff was required to produce Shock and Guttman in court to testify. They had no knowledge as to what became of the note. We think the court was fully authorized to find as it did upon the trial and to pronounce the judgment. This court affirms the judgment of the district court, and assesses the interest which has since accrued, and also six per cent, damages, against the appellee. The judgment now rendered shall draw interest at the rate of twelve per cent., that being the rate agreed upon in the note between the parties.
Affirmed.