The first question arising in this case is, whether a new trial should be granted on account, of the. introduction of improper testimony on the. trial below. inclination of the mind of a majority of the Court is, that it should not, and that impression is produced from the principles laid down by Foster, in his treatise on high treason, áiñ-6, and the. cases read from 1 Bos. & Pull, new series 92, and 1 Campbell 323. These authorities seem to go the length of proving, that where, an offence consists in a knowledge of the thing done, to be unlawful, evidence may be given to bring home that knowledge, to the prisoner, although a disclosure of other facts and transactions for which the Defendant is not then on trial, may be the consequence. But such disclosure should not prejudice the prisoner; his moral character should be sacred under the maxim, that every citizen is presumed to be innocent until the. contrary appears, and that presumption ought to be done away only by evidence proving circumstances connected with the commission of the offence for which the prisoner is then on tria!. For in- tan re, if it were given in evidence that the prisoner had counterfeited bank notes, this evidence might be used to shew, that in all probability, he had a. knowledge that the note which he was charged with passing was a counterfeit note ; but not to shew that because be was wicl.ed enough to forge bank notes at one time with an evil intention, it was to be presumed that he was wicked enough at another time knowingly to pass us good a counterfeit note. The quo animo with which lie passed the note is to be collected from the concomitant circumstances. The ability to commit the crime, may be shewn from other distinct facts j the intention with which the. thing was done (charged as a crime) must be prov ed only from all the circumstances of the case,, which attended the doing it. For these reasons, I think a new' trial should not be granted.
One question that is brought before the Court, by way of arresting the judgment, Is the affidavit made for the *259 vi .■'[! of the trial of the indictment from the comity of B< ;« the county of Lincoln. Hie first act on tisis sal.h’rf was passed in the year 1806, ch. 693, sec. 12. Tlu í ;.df i declares that a removal shall take place when a p£ <:;j states on oath “ that íbero are probable grounds ** to believe that justice cannot be obtained in the county £: in which,” &c. In the year 1808, auothe. act was passed on the same subject, ch. 74J. That act declares., Si that no cause, civil or criminal, which is or may be i4 pending' in any of the Superior Courts in this State, “ shall he removed to the Superior Í ouris of any other “ county, unless on oath made, in which the facts vvhere-on deponent founds his belief that justice cannot be is obtained in the county where the suit is pending, shall “ be set forth, so that the Judge may decide upon suds i<s facts whether the belief is well founded.” The affidavit for removal in this case, states that deponent believes that the Slate cannot have a fair am! impartial trial iu the counts/ Burke. I think this affidavit falls short of the. act of 1808, because the facts on which deponent founds his belief are not .set forth; of course the Superior Court could not deckle upon them. It was that the Court might have it in its power to do so, that the act of 1806 was amended by the act of 1808. The prisoner had a right to be tried in Burke, where the offence is charged to have been committed, unless the trial was removed to Lincoln in that way (and in that only) which the law points out. The affidavit for removal did not set forth the facts, on account of the existence of which, the trial was prayed to he removed; I think the objection founded on that omission a good one. If such facts had been set forth, the Judge of the Superior Court, and. he alone, must have decided on them.
Another objection is made to the indictment, and is drawn from the act of Assembly on which this prosecu - tion rests. The act of 1819, ch. 994, declares, that if any person shall pass any false, forged or counterfeited *260bill or note, purporting to be a bill or note isstsul by 0l'(-ei' °f the President and Directors of any bank or cor-por&iion within this State, or any of the United Suueo or territories ilmvof, every person so offending shall, &c. The charge here is, that the prisoner passed .1 counterfeited bank note purporting to be issued by the President, Directors & Co. of the Farmers’ Bank of Virginia, without setting it forth or making any averment that there was anty law in Virginia establishing or creating such hank, or without averring that such hank had any legal erJsíence» The hanks of this State one their existence Í» nubile laws, of which we are bound ex officio to take noycc j hut the laws of Virginia as to this purpose are foreign laws, and must be made to appear by proof. I do not think that the Legislature intended, by this act, to guard against the counterfeiting or passing the paper of voluntary, self-created unchartered corporations or banks, hut left the punishment of such offences to the law as it siood before with regard to other forgeries. But as to shis objection 1 give no positive opinion.
It has also been objected, that the note shewn forth in evidence, is not the same as the one set forth in the first count, because the one set forth in the indictment is payable to Ch: Johnson, and the one offered in evidence is payable to G. II. Johnston. I am inclined to think the variance fatal as to that count. Other objections have been taken in arrest of judgment, but I deem it unnecessary to consider them in detail, because of the. reasons already given in respect to the objection made m the affidavit of removal. I think the judgment ought to be arrested, and not pronounced by the Court below " ■ V the prisoner.
Í agree with Judge £L _J ; : £ the evidence was properly received. I also agro& him, that the affidavit for the removal of the cause was; insufficient, in not stating the grounds of the deponents. *261belief that a fair and impartial trial c»u!d not be had jn the coumy of Burke, according to the express directions of the act of 1808. But bad any grounds for such belief been contained in the affidavit, this Court could not in-terfore, although it might think that the grounds were insufficient: for it is matter of discretion. Therefore, the trial in Lincoln was corain non jiidice, and no judgment can be pronounced thereon.
It is objected, that it should have been alleged to be a note of a chartered or incorporated bank within this State, or one. of the United States, or one of the Territories thereof lj but I am of opinion that the word hank, in the act of 1819 under which the Defendant is indicted, means an unincorporated or unchartered bank as well as an incorporated or chartered one. For to the establishment of a bank an act of incorporation is not absolutely necessary, it may be established by an individual or a private association of individuals. An act of incorporation is necessary only for the purpose of conferring corporate rights. It is without it a hank. 1 am the moro confirmed in this opinion, by the fact of the Legislature’s being apprised of there being many uuchartercd or unincorporated banks within the United Slates; and also bj Coe words of the act, which are, bank or corpora!ion j)ilhir„ the State, or any of the United States, and not')/' the State or any of the United States. Nor do 1 think the words bank and incorporation are used a- lynoni-siious terns, for the legislature was also a • ..ce that Ui*»« weiv. .wporatious within the United i■ : fo^r inm/rpor^ted as banks) which iscu" r ' * ' -idge Company ir D-eorgia and the l.U'.-- 1 v .r'pa .' r’ New-York. Ac me saw:'5 lime, f ■ C- : •Lett then wrist be an averment in this ease thi-d •'' >. such a bank as the Farmers’ Bank of Virginia, " passing of a note which r^on its face purports C; C. sued by a bank which in fact has no existence, is not an offence within the act; and as every thing which is re-*262qulred to bo p: -V'l upon the trial must be averred, a nothing else is 'essary, it follows that it should ... averred $ but ? uk in this case it is as erred. ii s that i Defendant passed a note purporting be issued by the resident, Directors and Company of the Farmers’ Ba ,k of Virginia. To support such a charge, it must be shown that"there is such a bank as the one mentioned. I therefore think the indictment is not defective in this. I think the indictment also should not only have set forth the tenor of the bill, but have professed so to do. For the verdict of the Jury can only affirm the charges in the bill, and without such charge the Court cannot judicially know that. it is the tenor. In this case we are told in the bill, that it is the substance only — that substance (for aught we know) may differ fji'om the tenor.
There are many other objections taken to the indictment, but it is unnecessary to notice them, as I am well satisfied that the cause was improperly removed from Burke to Lincoln, and that the trial in the latter county was a perfect nullity. Therefore no judgment can be pronounced.
I wish it to be understood, that I give no positive opinion on any of the objections raised on the motion in arrest of judgment, except the removal of tills cause from Burke to Lincoln.
After an anxious consideration of this case, my opinion is, that some improper testimony has been received, and that a new trial ought to he awarded. It will be admitted, that the proper object of evidence is * ■ ascertain the truth of the fact put in issue 5 and that evidence admitted on any point not put in issue, has a tendency to surprise the accused, or to effect his conviction by the force of prejudice. The rule of rejecting all manner of evidence in criminal prosecutions, (says Justice Foster,) that is foreign to the point *263In issue, is founded on sense and common justice. For no man is bound, at the peril cf lift or liberty, fortune or reputation, lo answer sí om*e and «¡¡¡nqiaml for every art ion of his life. Few even of the «rus of men would chose k> be put to it. Our Bill of lights has endeavored to guard against the mR":h!ef, by providing that in. criminal prosecutions, every man has a right to be in-l.brnr'd of the acraeaticii ¿'gainst him, and to coni rout the accusers and witnesses with other íesínnony. The latter part of the privilege Is ruavidUng and delusive, unless the first be distinctly observed. The charge against the prisoner here is altering a , rged bank note, knowing it to be forged ; the essence cf the crime consists in the knowledge of the accused, •riihoui which the act of uttering a forged bill is innocent, and 1 admit fully, that any proof which tends ¿Irectiy io prove this knowledge, is proper, although It should involve other crimes column tod by the Defendant. This is the extent to which the two cases have gene which were cited on the part of the State ; It was proved in both that the prisoners had recently before the Iasi offence «tiered counterfeit notes of the same hank, or had the same ai<H ney in possession. Hot the p;>.rt ¡ruler offence in this case consists iti «tiering a acia altered from *t five to a fifty, 1 suppose by some chemical proceso; and as this is an act requiring a kind of ski'd peculiar to Itself, it may be possessed by one who knows nothing of the art of making counterfeit noteo. And a person thoroughly versed in making them, may still be altogether ignorant of this mode of alteration. If a knowledge of tine one dcscs not necessarily imply a knowledge of Use other, it cannot be relevant testimony' in the case j but still it must powerfully tend to a prisoner’s convkswo, when if Is proved that he has for twenty year:) and more been concerned in making cud handling counterfeit notes, and That he is a person of evil dispositions and wicked habits. The, most upright Jury, sifting upon the trial, of a pri,-*264noner whose crimine! conduct is tiins exhibited to them ®n var’ous shapes ami degrees, will find their indignant feelings too strongly excited to keep steadily in uew the £rue point of investigation. Instead of travelling calmly to a conclusion through a patient consideration of the evidence, they will he too apt to be precipitated into a conviction of his guilt, from the probability that a man who has committed other crimes lias also done this. The issue of this may sometimes be the punishment of guilt, but is there not danger that it may also lead to the conviction of the innocent, since circumstance.? of strong presumption may he adduced against them wbk h they could have explain'd had they been apprised of their coming forward ?, lienee too law will not allow it to he proved on the trias of an indictment, that the prisoner has a general disposition to commit the same kind of of-fence as that charged againsi him, or that he liad committed a similar offence at another time : — -(i Fhüíips' E~c. 137) — yet such proof would create a strong presm.jption of guilt, as part of the evidence adduced in this case would, without being' connected as it ought to be, with the particular fan on trial. So in a trial for high treason, where the overt act laid was that the Defendant had cruised in a certain vessel, proof was rejected that he had gone cruising in another, for the fact charged was the only one he was then called to answer for — (Foster 246.) Yet the proof rejected went to shew a treasonable disposition, and a familiarity with the crime. Tli:. law will not. allow evidence of a prisoner's had character to be adduced against, him in chief, lest his case should he thereby prejudiced, and converted into a trial for character instead of a spccifick crime. But if evidence of general character is thus excluded because it is dangerous, how much more so is the evidence of particular crimes and propensities extending through a great portion of the prisoner's life ? It cannot in reason be expected, that he is prepared for such a trial, for he lias no *265notice of it, and the evidence mast go to the Jury with the full weight of the odium thus created. Circumstances may be brought forward in the life of tiie most upright man, which if taken singly and unexplained, are calculated to raise a presumption against him, but which upon a nearer view might more clearly shew his innocence. I will briefly notice those parts of the evidence which I think improper, because they do not warrant directly the inference that Twitty passed this bill knowing it to be counterfeit$ though it must be admitted that the evidence cannot be read without, leaving a strong impression on the mind unfavorable to his character. His knowledge of the genuine three dollar notes of the Cape-Fear Bank : his having in his possession, twenty years ago, a quantity of untrimmed counterfeit notes, which lie said were well executed; the proof that he was a maker of spurious money, and intimate with persons of tiie same description, are circumstances from none of which can I see a direct or necessary inference that Twitty was acquainted with the particular mode of altering notes which appears in this case j a mode which seems to be of modern invention, asid which a person skilled in could probably follow to the exclusion of the greater labour and risque of fabricating hank notes and forging the signatures. I Teel perhaps more strongly convinced of the impropriety of this evidence, because, after a consideration of the whole case, I think the probability is on the side oi Twitty's innocence in this charge. It appears to me that he has been particularly cautious in respect to passing counterfeit money, that he has rather contrived the movements and directed the greater operations of a larger concern, Ilian encountered the dangerous details of guilt. His reflection upon the value of his counterfeit stock in the hands of a young man of good character, implies that his own was suspected, and that he could not safely' utter the money: and in no part of the evidence against him does it appear *266that he had ever passed money of the ..description here (^at‘Set^ Now it strikes me as improbable, and by no means reconcileable with his former conduct, that he s}10u](] venture upon the dangerous experiment of sending this counterfeit note to a man, who, of all others, was most likely to detect it, the cashier of a bank, daily in the habit of receiving and judging of money, and who was not likely to lose any part of his skill and quick-sightedness in detecting false money sent to him by Twitty. I should therefore be of opinion, for these reasons, that the Defendant is entitled to a new trial. Upon the motion in arrest, I will not enter into a particular examination, because I fully agree with my brothers, that the affidavit on which the case was removed, was wholly insufficient according to the act of Assembly.