after stating the case. Such we understand to be the instruction under which a verdict was rendered in favor of the plaintiff for the value of the cattle and to which exception is taken.
The action is for property taken and converted to the defendant’s use, and not for damages for an invasion of the plaintiff’s possessory right, and under the former practice would in form be trover instead of trespass.
The action of trespass is for an injury to the possession, ■and compensation in damages is recovered against a wrongdoer, commensurate with the injury sustained. In either form of action, possession of personal goods being presumptive evidence of title, when not rebutted, entitles the plain■tiff to recover in* damages their full value. But when the ■action is for the conversion, or appropriation of the goods to the defendant’s own use, it is a full defence to show that ■the goods belong to another person, and the plaintiff'has no interest in them, although no privity be shown to exist between such owner and the defendant. This doctrine is settled by two adjudications in this state, to which alone we deem it necessary to refer.
In Laspeyre v. McFarland, N. C. Term Rep., 187, the action was in trover for a slave in possession of the plaintiff 'The defendant showed no title in himself, but offered in evidence a marriage settlement entered into between the plaintiff and his wife and one Davis whereby the slave was conveyed to the latter, as trustee to permit the wife to have the labor and profits of the slave and to allow the slave to be mnder the plaintiff’s control. In the superior court upon *277those facts appearing the plaintiff was nonsuited. In this court, on the hearing of the appeal, RuffiN, J., thus declares the law, in sustaining the judgment below: “It is one of the characteristic distinctions between this action and trespass that the latter may be maintained on possession ; the former only on property and the right of possession. Trover is to personals what ejectment is to the realty. In both, title is indispensable. It is true that as possession is the strongest evidence of the ownership, property may be presumed from possession. And therefore the plaintiff may not in all. cases be bound to show a good title by conveyances against all the world, but may recover in trover upon such presumption against a wrong-doer. Yetitis'but a presumption and cannot stand when the contrary is shown. Here it is completely rebutted by the deed which shows the title to be in another and not in the plaintiff.”
The same point came up in Barwick v. Barwick, 11 Ired., 80, and was similarly decided. Pear-son, J., after presenting the same views as to the law, proceeds: “ But if it appears on the trial that the plaintiff, although in possession, is not in fact the owner, the presumption of title inferred from the possession is rebutted, and it would be manifestly wrong, to allow the plaintiff to recover the value of the property. For the real owner may forthwith bring trover against the defendant and force him to pay the value a second time, and the fact that he had paid it in a former suit would be no defence.” He adds, “ that trover can never be maintained unless a satisfaction of the judgment will have the effect of vesting a good title in the defendant, except when the property is restored and the conversion was temporary. Accordingly it is well settled as the law of this state that to maintain trover the plaintiff must show title and a possession, or a present right of possession.”
As the erroneous rulings on' this point must result in awarding a new trial, we pretermit the expression of any *278opinion upon the correctness of the instruction that there was no delivery of the deed, and do not wish to be understood as giving it our approval.
The judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted.
Let this be certified.
Error, Venire de now.