The exceptions to the account- stated by the probate judge and presented for review in the defendant’s appeal may be divided into two classes; those taken by the plaintiffs and sustained ;• those taken by the defendant and *507overruled. They will be considered in their proper order as belonging to the one; or the other class.
I. Exceptions of the plaintiffs which are allowed:
Exc. 1. For that the defendant (and when this word alone is used it is intended for the appellant, Hodges,) is credited with the sum of $20, paid, as voucher produced shows, to A. D. McLean against whom he then held claims which should have been applied as a set-off to discharge the demand: In explanation the defendant testifies that this sum was due for professional services to D. H. McLean and was paid to the former for him, and the form of the receipt given overlooked. This statement accepted as correct, and the case depends mainly upon the testimony of the defendant delivered upon a protracted and searching examination, and the ruling of the court must be reversed.
Exc. 2. For that the defendant is allowed a credit for the sum of $9.30, costs incurred in prosecuting an action against R. B. Smith and others, on their note and paid to the sheriff under execution: The circumstances under which the defendant was compelled to pay this money are not explained. The only information is furnished by the defendant who recollects that he recovered judgment and collected the debt and his impression is that he was unable to get more. It appears further that in 1869, the defendant became a surety to one of the makers of the note, for money borrowed to pay for land purchased, and the land was- at the same time mortgaged for his indemnity against this con-, tingent liability. The land was afterwards sold and the debt satisfied. The judge passing on the exception seems to have drawn from these facts the inference that the defendant could have protected the trust estate from the costs of his suit, and. was negligent in failing to do so. But we do not think this conclusion is reasonably warranted, .The expense incurred falls primarily upon the plaintiff in a suit, although successful, and are recovered in the final judgment *508against the defendant. This payment was not voluntary, but forced out of the defendant by the process of the court, and in the absence of contradictory evidence, must be assumed to have been legally demanded of him. Upon the ordinary presumption of good faith in the conduct of a trustee, who has no personal interest to subserve, and is under no imputed influence antagonistic to duty, the money thus paid ought to be deemed rightfully expended and allowed. Nor does it follow because an indemnity was given in the mortgage for the defendant’s protection as a surety to the note of the mortgagor, an entirely separate transaction, that the defendant could have provided against the costs and would not have done so if he could. We do not concur in the ruling which imposes this loss on the defendant.
Exes. 3, 4, 5. For that the defendant is allowed for sums paid, just before the bringing the action, to the mother for board, to-wit, $150.40, for Mary L.; $>725.44, for Caroline E.; $735.44 for S. Campbell, her daughterThese charges rest upon the same ground and may be considered together. The first sum was disallowed and so much of the others as was for board furnished after the parties respectively arrived at full age. The facts connected with the matter are theset The wards continued to live with their mother after as before their majority, and the defendant had paid for their board up to the year 1866, at the rate of eight dollars per month for each, and no other arrangement or understanding was entered into. Mary L. became of age in June, 1859; knew that her guardian continued to pay her board and made no objection to his doing so. S. Campbell attained her full age in July, 1868, and Caroline E. hers in February, 1871, and was married in October, 1877. The defendant had notice of the intended present suit, and, just before at the request of J. L. Smith, and upon information that his mother wanted a settlement of her claims for board; *509went with him to her house and found there also - another son and the said Campbell. These claims had often before been asserted, but payment delayed because of the scarcity of money, and the defendant deemed it his duty to adjust and settle all demands upon the tr-ust fund before delivering over and accounting for what remained to the late wards. The two sons and their mother retired to a room for private consultation, and defendant supposed that the said Campbell was with them, in reference to the board, while the defendant remained on the piazza. The son soon came out and suggested a charge of five dollars per month, asking .if that was too much, to which the defendant replied that it was reasonable. It was accordingly settled upon that basis, the board of those married paid up fro the date of their marriages, and that of S. Campbell to January, 1&7&, The indebtedness was discharged by the transfer of certain notes against the defendants son and the said W. J. Smith, both of which he then believed and now believes were solvent, and by his giving his individual note for $273-, the residue of the demand. These notes were accépted in payment, and it does not appear that any complaint is made of their sufficiency even now. No objection is urged against the propriety or justness of the claim for board or of the price charged, or that the sum paid was not due and owing to the mother. The only complaint is that the settlement by the defendant under the circumstances was unauthorized and officious, and ought to be stricken from his account. This seems to be a harsh and strained interpretation put upon the defendant’s act. He secured thereby no advantage to himself, and, he says, he made the settlement when called on from a sense of duty and would as willingly have left it to his wards if he had supposed such to be their wish. He held the estate in his hands and the means wherefrom to pay the claim, some of it contracted during minority, and his purpose was to prepare and deliver over the trust estate, *510free from charges, to those who were entitled to it. The settlement was under the supervision and with the approval of the two sons, and. as he supposed, of the daughter S. Campbell also. The parties whose uncontested indebtedness has thus been discharged in entire good faith, and they relieved from any personal obligation, ought not to be allowed unless under strict rules of law, to avail themselves of the discharge and to refuse a credit for moneys honestly expended for their use and benefit by their trustee, upon an imputation of officiousness in the act. The trustee ought at least to be subrogated to the rights of the creditor whose debt has been paid, and thus the wards left in full possession of every legitimate defence open to them of the claim now' preferred by the mother herself. We do not in this impair the rule of law, that an officious interference and payment of a debt by a stranger leaves him without remedy against the debtor. This is not a case of the kind and that principle cannot be invoked in resistance to this charge. We think the judge misapplies the rule in rejecting a part of the sum paid and entailing the loss upon the defendant personally, and his ruling is reversed.
. Exc. 6. Por that a separate account is not stated between the defendant and the administrator of the infant, Alice Smith, and that her estate is distributed and blended with those of her surviving brothers and sisters; The intestate died in 1856, very young, and no administration was taken out until the year 1878. The charges against the estate were all paid by the guardian, and her share of the money fund divided and passed over to the credit of her several distributees. Two of the distributees received their parts of the fund and had their shares of the slaves allotted in 1857 or 1858. Another distributee had partition of the slaves and his part assigned therefrom in 1862. The rest of the slaves were kept together until their emancipation, and the hires mixed with the general fund and all included *511in the accounts of the distributees as credits due to them respectively. It is not suggested that the administrator requires the intestate’s estate for any purpose but to pay over to the distributees who have already received their parts. No advantage will accrue to them but delay and expense in severing the accounts, and for more than twenty years all seemed to have acquiesced in this appropriation of the estate. The fund was held in common ; there was no legal representative with whcm the guardian could come to an account; and the objection lies not to any official misconduct on his part, but to the manner in which the accounts are now taken. The parties are all before the court, and the judgment now to be rendered will conclude and settle the whole matter. Why should the administrator be permitted to withdraw a fund, which it instantly becomes his duty to pay over to those who have already recovered it? The legal title thereto is in the administrator, but the equitable owners are those to whom he must pay it when collected. We are not without the support of .past adjudications upon the point. A similar question arose in Love v. Love, 3 Ired. Eq., 104, and Ruffin’, C. J., thus disposes of it ; “The plaintiff did notadminister forthe purposeof satisfying debts. His intestate owes nothing; it is not pretended. The plaintiff is therefore but an administrator purely in trust for the next of kin of his intestate brother.' * * * As the case stands, the next of kin (there being ho creditors) were the real owners of the property, and the legal title subsequently got by the administrator, but a shell. It may be used to protect but not to annoy the true owners.” To the like effect are Filhour v. Gibson, 4 Ired. Eq., 455, and Outlaw v. Farmer, 71 N. C., 31. The cases cited in the brief for the exceptant are not in conflict with those referred to. The ruling of His Honor in support of the exception must be reversed.
II. Exceptions of the defendant overruled by the court.
Exc. 1. For that interest is charged against him from the *512time when the moneys were received, and he is allowed in* terest only from the date of the respective disbursements : The defendant exhibits no evidence that the moneys received remained unemployed in his hands for any space, and it was his duty forthwith to apply them to the debts or to invest in interest-bearing securities. This it was his duty to show if he seeks exemption from thebbligation to account for interest. “ Executors must expect to be charged with interest," says the eminent judge delivering the opinion in Arnett v. Linney, 1 Dev. Eq., 369, “ unless they positively and unequivocally swear that they have not used the money themselves, nor loaned it to others, but have kept it on hand for the necessary use of the estate. We are obliged to adopt this rule to prevent executors from taking undue advantages ; since it is impossible to trace the money and prove the particular uses made of it by the executor. He can always exonerate himself by keeping fair accounts and purging himself on oath.” Much v. Ragland, 2 Dev. Eq., 137. Answering a similar exception to the charge of interest without proof that the funds had been used, Gaston, J.j says: “ It has been calculated upon the notes and debts from the time when they became due, and upon the sales from the expiration of the term of credit. There has been no interest account kept by the executor that less was in fact received. This exception is overruled.” The rule applies with greater force to a guardian whose primary duty is to keep the fund at interest and well secured, and not, as in the case of a personal representative to collect and account for only. We sustain the court in overruling the exception.
Exc. 2. For that the defendant is not credited with the notes of R. B. Smith and others for $145 and $231.50 due for hire of slaves in 1858 and 1859 while he is charged with the aggregate hires for those years : It is in proof that two of the parties bound in the notes, Smith and Williams, each *513owned lands, and-the defendant, deeming the debt secure, forbore to bring suit before and during the war. He assigns as a reason for not proceeding afterwards, the stay laws .passed by the general assembly .and the homestead and exemption provision's of the constitution. The debt may have beep saved by reducing it to judgment, and the inaction of the defendant in taking any steps to secure the debt is without excuse, and the consequent loss ought to follow his own culpable negligence. This ruling of the court is approved.
Exc. 3. For that the rents charged for 1861 and the two succeeding years are not reduced by applying the legislative scale: By the testator’s will his widow had liberty to take a certain tract and allow the defendant to have use of that devised to her. This exchange she elected to make, and her land was rented out with the assent of the older members of the family on such terms and conditions as were deemed necessary to prevent' deterioration and impoverishment. The value of the rented premises before the war was $200 per annum, and the defendant received payment in coin equivalent in value to that sum in the currency of the United States. There is no error in refusing the scale.
Exc. 4. For that the receipts and disbursements are scaled ■at their respective dates, entailing constant loss on the de: fendant by reason of the continuing and rapid depreciation in confederate money: This exception, except as to the rents, is well taken. To avoid the consequences pointed out, and to correct the inequality in the scaling process, the funds received and paid out should be grouped as neariy as practicable, and the receipts equivalent to the disbursements scaled as of the time of making the latter, and the excess of the former, reduced by the scale independently applied, carried into the general account. This will remedy the evil and leave the scaled value of the excess to bear interest under the general rule. The accounts are not before us, but from a statement in the brief of the plaintiff’s counsel *514of the aggregate receipts and disbursements for the years 1862 and 1863, the referee will be able to make the adjustments upon the principle laid down without serious difficulty, and the large excess of the former, for the year 1864, mast be disposed of according to the adjudications heretofore-made in regard to the personal responsibility resting upon fiduciaries for confederate money perishing in their hands.
Exc. 5. For that the defendant is not allowed a credit for 'the scaled value of confederate money unexpended "in his hands, and which he says he could not invest and has kept -separate and distinct from his own; The defendant is not •excused for accepting confederate money at its enormous •depreciation during the latter months of the war, in payment at its nominal value for debts contracted at its earlier-stages when the depreciation was slight, any more than he is for accepting such in payment of ante-war debts. But so far as the sum he now holds is constituted of rents and hires :for 1863 and 1864, due at the end of those years, kept distinct from his own funds, it ought not to be charged against him, because, as a matter of public history, such funds were incapable of any investment which would have prevented the loss, at that date. All that could be then expected of a 'trustee was the careful preservation of the funds for the benefit and at the hazard of those to whom it equitably belonged.
The rulings of this court render necessary a reference and reformation of the account, and as this can be done with ■more convenience in the court below, the cause will be remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this •opinion, and it is so ordered.
Error. Modified and remanded.
IN SAME CASE UPON PLAINTIFFS’ APPEAL:
•SMITH, C. J. The plaintiffs’ appeal brings up for consideration the several rulings of the court by which certain *515'exceptions taken by them to the account reported from the probate court are disallowed. To these attention will now be directed.
Exception 1. For that the sum of $100 paid to A; Mo-Lean and endorsed- by his receipt (voucher 17) is improperly allowed : This payment was made for taking and reporting an account in a suit instituted in 1857 in the county court by the defendant and Mary Smith against J. C. Smith, administrator of W. T. Smith for a settlement of the intestate’s estate in which more than $12,000 was claimed to be due. The answer admitted a liability for a large amount. Tire cause Was Continued till 1867 and then dismissed at the plaintiffs’ costs. During its progress the defendant collected about $3,600. The docket shows an Order of reference to A. McLean to take the account, but no report is found and no order of the court making an allowance to the referee or directing any payment therefor is entered in the cause. The defendant testifies that the account Was taken and reported, but after diligent search cannot be found. The demand for the service rendered was made on him by 'the referee and paid, and he thinks this was in consequence of an order ,of the court, though not put in the record. There is no suggestion of bad faith in the transaction, nor of interest or influence to pay a demand which is not due and just, and after the long interval which has since elapsed, covering the confusion and disorders of the civil war and the displacement and loss of judicial records and proceedings, the payment should be assumed to be correct, and was properly allowed. C. C. P., § 480; Drake v. Drake, 82 N. C., 443. Nor is the charge excessive. Washington v. Emery, 4 Jones Eq., 32.
Exc. 2. For that $10.25 (voucher 76) was improperly paid to J. C. Callahan, clerk: The costs were incurred in prosecutiug an action against Thomas S. Lutterloh to recover $494 due from him to the wards in 1869. Lutterloh is *516slmwa to* have' been' solvent, but thee guardian was informed by parties interested in the' fund that the debt Was doubtful and advised by them to- accept certain notes, unquestionably good, offered by Luiterloh in place of his own. The exchange was accordingly made, and the substituted notes have mostly been paid since, and the whole amount is charged against the defendant, in the account. As the subject matter'of the'suit was- thus adjusted the suit could not be maintained, and the costs falling on the guardian were rightfully paid by him.
Exc. 3-. For that the defendant is not entitled to commissions; and if to any, the allowance is excessive; This exception is sustained by the judge .as to so much of the commissions ' as are allowed on disbursements made after the wards became of full age, and in this-ruling we concur. The management of the estate has been conducted over a long series of years and through a period requiring the exercise: of great care and diligence, and in our opinion with unusual success-. It would be neither equitable nor Just to deprive him of all compensation for his services because of his omission to- keep and render regular accounts of his administration, when no imputations are cast upon his integrity by reason of the neglect. Nearly all the information upon which the charges- against him are founded was obtained from-his own testimony delivered upon a long, minute and elaborately exhaustive examination, and with no apparent' disposition to withold anything lie knew favorable or unfavorable to himself. On information thus obtained the complaint Was itself amended. “It is only in case of fraud or very culpable neglect,^ says Rodman, J., in Whitford v. Foy, 65 N. C., 265, “that a trustee will be punished by being, deprived of his commissions,
Exc; 4. The allowance of the charge for board paid for the plaintiff, Campbell, has already been- disposed of in the other appeal.
*517Exe. 5. The claim of the defendant to have .a credit for the scaled value of the surplus confederate money in his hands and lost, is .also considered and passed on as fax as the facts disclosed in the case will permit in the defendant’s appeal, and needs no further comment here. The same order for remanding must 'also be made in this case to the end that the accounts may be reformed and corrected in accordance with the opinion of this court.
Error. Modified and remanded.