The defendant is charge I with the offence of •disturbing a religious congregation and obstructing public worship.
It was in evidence that a religious congregation under the ministerial charge of one Edwin Marcom, was accustomed to assemble for divine worship at a place known as Piney Grove Church; that on Sunday, the 13th of May, 1876, the congregation began to assemble and a number •estimated by witnesses at from 10 to 30 were in the church and their minister in his place in the'pulpit.
Some of the witnesses testified that services had already begun by the singing of a hymn; and others, that the congregation had been engaged in voluntary singing not under the direction of the minister, and that the regular hour for Sabbath services had not arrived.
The defendant, who had been a member of the church .•and had been about two weeks before expelled from its communion, rose up in the church and began to speak, on matters connected with his expulsion, when he was told bythe minister that he could not be permitted to do so, and must stop; that the defendant declared he would be heard, and persisted in speaking to those present, until some of th& *450members put him out of the house; that he re-entered ran mediately and resumed his speaking, in disregard of repeated commands and remonstrances from the minister,... and by his disorderly conduct and noise so interrupted, the-exercises that the meeting whs broken up and those present left the house and returned home.
Various exceptions were taken by the defendant to-the-rulings of the Court in admitting and rejecting evidence,,, only so much of which will be stated as is necessary to the-exceptions being properly understood.
Exception 1. On the cross examination of Edwin Marconv-, a witness for the State, he stated that the defendant hacP been a meipber of his church, but was not then a member,having been turned out about two -weeks before. The- defendant’s counsel proposed further to inquire of the witness,, before what body the defendant had been tried. The Solicitor objected and the inquiry was not permitted.
Exception 2. On the cross examination of Edwin Marco-ra,. a witness for the State, he said he had taken the defend&-'®£ to-task for sowing the seeds of discord and spreading-false - views. The defendant’s counsel asked what these false-views were. The Solicitor objected and the answer was. disallowed.
Exception 3. The defendant’s counsel inquired of one of-his own witnesses, how members of that church are tried - and sentenced. On objection of the Solicitor the evidence-was excluded.
Exception 4. defendant’s counsel proposed to ask of his own witnesses about a conversation between Marcomand the witness in reference to defendant’s expulsion from church, membership, and its propriety. On objection of the Solicir tor the evidence was declared inadmissible.
Exceptions 5 and 6. The Solicitor asked a witness if it a custom in this church for an expelled member to g.et "open the Sabbath day, just before or at the beginning..of th<f-*451regular service and make known his grievances. This question was objected to by defendant’s counsel, but allowed to be put and answered.
Exception 7. On the re-direct examination of defendant’s witness, his counsel inquired, if “the official board of the members of the church had under its rules the authority to expel.” The question, objected to by the Solicitor, was ruled out.
The exception to the evidence elicited in answer to the inquiry whether any usage prevailed in the church, which permits an expelled member, on the Sabbath day, at or just before the regular services commenced, to discuss his grievances before the congregation, is without just foundation.
The evidence tended to show that the interruption was without pretext or excuse, and that the time and place selected by the defendant to make known hia corn plaints were not only in themselves inopportune and improper, but found no countenance in the practices of the church;
We are of the opinion that these rulings of the Court are correct and that the exceptions are untenable. The evidence offered by the defendant and excluded was altogether irrevelant and calculated to mislead. Whether the defendant was rightfully or wrongfully turned out of the church —whether because of irregularity in the proceedings, he was. still a member of th.e body, or had ceased to be — were matters foreign to the issue to be tried. Whenever a religious, body is wantonly and intentionally disturbed and obstructed in its worship of Almighty God, it is a misdemeanor, by whomsoever done, and it is no defence that the party committing the act is a member of the congregation disturbed.
The Court was right also in not allowing an examination into and a review of the action of the church judiciary, to ascertain if it was regular and right. This is not a subject of inquiry before the Court, and the examination wjis properly arrested.
*452We propose next to cousider the matters of exception to the instructions given to the jury, as to what-acts constitute the offence charged against the prisoner.
The Court charged the jury, that if the congregation were assembled for religious worship and five or more persons had met and were engaged in acts of devotion by singing and praying, shortly before the usual Pabbath exercises conducted by the minister began, and while waiting for him to begin, and the defendant did the acts of disorder and interruption deposed to by the witness, for the purpose of disturbing the congregation; or if he did those acts without authority according to the custom of the congregation, with intent to make himself heard, regardless of the disturbance thereby made; or if he did the acts mentioned, to prevent» the regular religious service for which the congregation was then assembling; or without the sanction of usage in the church with intent to make himself heard though he might thereby disturb the congregation, and if he did thereby disturb the congregation, he would be guilty of the offence charged.
The defendant’s counsel asked the Court to charge that to constitute the offence, the congregation must when disturbed be actually engaged in acts of religious worship. The Court refused this instruction, but told the jury that if they were assembled for the purpose of worship and were prevented therefrom by the disturbance it would be sufficient as already charged.
The defendant’s counsel asked this further instruction : “that the act of disturbance must be wanton, intentional and contemptuous.”
The Court so charged, but added “that the acts would be wanton, if done without regard to consequences, that is, for some purpose of his own and with intent to do them whether he thereby disturbed the congregation or not.”
There can be no serious doubt, if the facts assumed in the *453charge were satisfactorily proved to the jury, (and the verdict so declared) that the defendant has been guilty of a misdemeanor. No one has a right to interfere with the religious devotions of others, by making known his own grievances, real or fancied, in so boisterous a manner as to disturb an'd finally break up the meeting altogether, and thus frustrate the object for which it was held; and he cannot be heard to say he did not intend the obvious and necessary consequences of his conduct. If the act is done intentionally and without excuse, it is a wTanton invasion of the rights and privileges guaranteed in § 26 of the Declaration of Rights of the Constitution of the State, and sustained by an enlightened public sentiment.
And we think the protection of the law is extended as well to the congregation when assembled in their house of worship and about to begin the regular exercises, as when, it is actually so engaged, and that acts which, prevent those exercises and break up the meeting so that they cannot be had at all, equally with those which disturb the religious devotions of the assembly after they begin, are prohibited by law. We cannot see any just reason for distinguishing between the two cases. We refer briefly to the few adjudications on the subject in this State to which our attention has been called in the argument. In State v. Jasper, 4 Dev. 323, the Court declares it a misdemeanor to interrupt and disturb a religious meeting “ by talking and laughing in a loud voice ” and “ making ridiculous and indecent actions and grimaces, during the performance of divine serviced’
So the Court declares it to be an indictable offence to disturb a congregation engaged in public worship, though it be not in a church, chapel, or meeting house specially set apart for the purpose. State v. Swink, 4 Dev. and Bat. 358. But it is not a misdemeanor if the disturbance takes place after the religious exercises are over and when the congregation has entered upon secular business. State v. Fisher, 3 *454Ire. 111. So if the interruption arises from lóud singing by one wbo is honestly participating in the service and intends no disrespect, it is not punishable by indictment. State v. Linkhaw, 69 N. C. 214.
The principle which underlies the adjudications in this State is .obviously the right of every religious body to meet and engage in 'the worship of God, in the language of our Constitution, “ according to'the dictates of their own consciences, ” and to be protected by law in the enjoyment of that right. It can make little difference whether the liberty of public worship is denied by conduct which breaks up and disperses a body met for religious purposes and just about to enter upon its duties; or the congregation is interrupted only during its devotions, and not wholly prevented from performing them.
It is not open to dispute whether the acts of the defendant were a disturbance in the sense that subjects him to a criminal prosecution, and that the jury were warranted in so finding, when they had the admitted effect of breaking-up the congregation and frustrating altogether the purposes for which it had convened.
There is no error. Let this be certified.
Per Curiam. Judgment affirmed.