The duties of common carriers are well defined, and public policy requires that they shall be performed at all hazards, except the act of God or the public enemy. Ordinary cases avail nothing, and ordinary liabilities cannot be provided against, even by special contract. But still it is allowable for them to make "reasonable regulations to protect themselves from imposition, and to make the service more convenient for themselves and for the public.
We think that it is a reasonable regulation that a claim for damages should be made by the consignee at the delivery station before the article is taken away. This is not only reasonable in itself, but under the system of continuous, connecting and co-operating lines of railroads and steamboats, it is almost indispensable, in order that liability may be fixed upon the proper person, by immediately tracing back the article and locating the injury. This is the advantage to the carrier service itself, added to the further advantage that it prevents false claims for injuries after the articles are delivered. The advantage to the public is that it enables and encourages carriers to act as forwarding agents for shippers, thereby dispensing with the necessity for the shippers to have receiving and forwarding agents at the end of every line. This is a great convenience and saving of expenses to shippers, which the carriers would not perform if they were not permitted to protect themselves by requiring claims for damages to be made before they part with the article.
To this it is objected, that goods are often sent from the delivery station to the consignee without his having an op*357portunity to examine them. The answer is, that if the carrier delivers the goods to an unauthorized person, that is his fault, and the provision would not apply. If the consignee send an agent, as a liackman, he could give instructions not to receive, except in good order. Of course the provision would not protect the carrier against liability for latent injuries.
The extent to which our decision goes is that the stipulation for claim of damages before delivery is reasonable, and that the defendant "was entitled to the instructions prayed for.
There is error.
Pee Curiam. . Venire de novo.