(After stating the facts as above.)
If the Justice had no jurisdiction, the action was properly dismissed, becausé the appellate Court should have given such judgment as the Court below should have given.
The ground on which it is argued that the Justice had no jurisdiction, is, that the title to the land was put in controversy by the pleadings.
By Art. IY. § 33, of the Constitution, a Justice at the date of these proceedings had jurisdiction only of actions, “wherein the title to real estate shall not be in controversy.”
To the same effect is sec. 14, of ch. 63, Bat. Rev. Section 16, of said chapter, is as follows : “ In every action brought in a Court of a Justice of the Peace, where the title to real estate comes in controversy, the defendant may, either with or without other matter of defence, set forth in his answer, any matter showing that such title will come in question.”
*30Section 17: If it appears on the trial that the title to real estate is in controversy, the Justice shall dismiss the action and render judgment against the plaintiff for costs.
By section 24, of tbe Landlord and Tenant Act, the provisions of the above cited sections are applicable to actions under that Act. So that, the only question presented in this case is : Was the title to the land put in controversy by the pleadings ?
This is to be decided on the pleadings alone and of course is unaffected by the finding of the jury before the Justice.
Our Code (§ 100) says, “ The answer of the defendant must contain, 1 st. A general or specific denial of each material allegation of the complaiut controverted by the defendant, Ac.”
In Flack v. Dawson, 69 N. C. 42, the first defence in the answer was, “ that no allegation in the complaint is true,” which is almost in the identical words of the first defence in the answer in the present ease. The Court held that such a mode of denial was insufficient and might be stricken out. Mr, Pomeroy, in his valuable work on Remedies, expresses a different opinion. On p. 655, § 611, he says: “ It is very plain that in the former case, (that is when the- defendant desires to put the whole complaint in issue,) the general denial, in its brief and comprehensive form, is as efficacious as a particular traverse of each averment separately.” He considers the general denial, as the substitute under the Code, for the plea of the general issue under the former system.
It may be difficult to define satisfactorily the exact meaning of the words used in the section of the Code cited and we will not attempt it. But we conceive, that one principal object of the new system, was' to .abolish or restrict the use of the general issue; to require of plaintiffs, as far as it was practicable, a statement ot the facts as they were, and not according to their legal effect; and thus both to enable and *31to require defendants to specify the particular facts which they intended to controvert. To permit a denial of the facts of the complaint en masse, would be to lose this object and to. allow and extend, at least where the answer is not under oath,. the abuse of the general issue, which formerly existed. It would seem also to ignore the requirement, that the denial, shall be of each material allegation. This requirement is met nominally and in form only, by the form of general denial approved by Mr. Pomeroy. The requirement seems to demand that the defendant should separately answer each. material allegation, by a general denial either of the whole allegation, (not the whole complaint,) or by a specific denial of some selected and specific part of the allegation.
It is useless, however, to pursue this discussion: Because-if the form of general denial used by the defendant is proper and sufficient, it offers a material issue, and presents a defence, full and complete in itself, of which the Justice had jurisdiction. And if, as we think, it did not comply with the Code and was insufficient in form, the plaintiff might-have had it stricken out and, so far as this first defence is concerned, have demanded judgment.
If the defendant was not the tenant of the plaintiff, which-was the substance of the issue intended to be offered, it was-immaterial in the case before the Justice, whether the defendant owned the land or not. If he was, and had entered as the tenant of the plaintiff, or after entry, had become such tenant, he was estopped from asserting his title until he had restored the possession to the plaintiff. Abbott v. Cromartie, 72 N. C., 292.
The matter pleaded in the second defence was therefore immaterial and, whether true or not, could not affect the judgment. It did not legally put the title in controversy, as-it did not offer a material issue.
If this had been the only defence, it would have been defective and insufficient, and the plaintiff would have been, entitled to judgment on the pleadings.
*32The cases of Calloway v. Hamby, 65 N. C., 631, Turner v. Lowe, 66 N. C., 413, and Forsythe v. Bullock, 74 N. C. 135, are plainly distinguishable from the present. In those cases the defendant was technically and at law, the tenant of the plaintiff. The defence in each case was, that in equity he was not the tenant and had not entered as such, or that the landlord had equitably released to him, thus extinguishing the tenancy by his own act. In none of those cases, did the tenant, while admitting his entry as tenant, attempt to set up a superior title against the landlord, existing at the date of the lease or acquired from a third party subsequently, as the secoud defence in this case does.
In Turner v. Lowe, it is said, that the rule forbidding a tenant to dispute the title of his landlord is unimpaired.
We are of opinion that upon the answer, the Justice had jurisdiction, and of course the Superior Court had on appeal.
It will be seen that in • our observations on the first de-fence, we have assumed for the sake of the argument, that the pleadings before a Justice must be as formal as in a Superior Court. Of course this is not strictly true, C. C. P. § 505, Rule 5. As it is evident that the defendant intended to deny the tenancy, we think he ought to be allowed to amend his first defence, if he shall move to do so, by denying separately and generally, or specifically as he may desire, each material allegation of the complaint which he intends to controvert. If he does not amend, his first defence may be stricken out, and his second defence-may be held insufficient, and the plaintiff will be entitled to judgment.
The case is remanded to be proceeded in according to this opinion. Plaintiff will recover costs in this Court.
PbR Curiam. Judgment reversed.