1. The plaintiff had a right to cut trees for the necessary repair of the farm buildings, but none to cut trees for building a boat to be used for fishing. When the trees were felled, the property in them. vested at once in the reversioners; who could ham maintained, trover, or by our *39statute replevin, for the timber, and could have recovered for so much as the plaintiff could not show that he had applied, or-was about to apply, to a lawful purpose, such as the repair of the buildings, &c. These propositions were resolved in Bowles’ case, 11 Rep., 79, and have been recognized as law ever since.
2. It does not follow, however, that the reversioner could maintain trover or replevin for the canoe which was made from the trees.
It is not necessary to decide this question at this time ; but it is proper to do so,. because, as under our opinion, there must be a new trial, and the plaintiff on the present state of facts, is entitled to recover, the question as to the measure of damages will then necessarily arise. On the question stated, there is a discord between the authorities that cannot be reconciled. The most important of them will be found in 2 Kent. Com., 361; Sedgwick on Dam., 483, and in the very recent case of Heard v. James, 49 Miss., 236. It is unnecessary further to refer to them. We are not aware of any decision in this State directly in point.
It seems to be generally agreed that if the person who bestows his labor on the property of another, thereby changes it into another species of article, as if corn be made into whiskey, or silver coin into a cup, or timber into a house, the property is changed, and the owner of the original material cannot recover the article in its altered condition, but must content himself with the value of the article in the shape in which it was taken from him. In the civil law it is said that the property is changed whenever the species is so far changed that it cannot be reduced to its former rude materials — examples of -which are when timber is made into a bench, or chest, or ship. The common law differed from this, and it was held that so long as the owner of the original materials could identify them, he could follow them into the manufactured article, *40as if leather be made into shoes, or cloth into a coat, or a tree be squared into timber.
’ In some of the decided cases much weight seems to be giren to the fact whether the manufacturer was a conscious and wilful trespasser, or took possession of the raw material in good faith and under an honest mistake as to the title.
Sometimes the decision as to the measure of damages is (made to turn on the form of. the action, as whether in tres-j pass for entering on plaintiffs land and cutting and carrying away timber, which defendant afterwards manufactured; or in trover for the conversion of the manufactured article, or in replevin for its possession in specie, as in the case cited from \ Mississippi.
We think that most of the American cases hold that when the alteration of the timber taken by a trespasser has gone no farther than its change into boards, or shingles, or staves, the owner of the timber may follow his property into the manufactured article, add recover its value in that shape. But we have found no case where the change of species was greater than that. Such we think was the current of American decision prior to 1851, when the case of Bennett v. Thompson, 13 Ire. 146, which*will hereafter be noticed, was decided.
In this conflict of opinions, which when united we are accustomed to consider authority, we can only adopt that rule which seems most reasonable. In our opinion the equitable rule is that stated from the civil law. .< The property is changed by a change made in its species or substantial form, if made by one who was acting* in good faith and under an honest belief that the title was in him.
This doctrine is not based on the idea that a trespasser, although he may act under an honest but mistaken belief in his own title, can lawfully transfer the -property in timber from the owner to himself by changing ‘it into some more valuable species ; but on the idea that the trespasser by so doing destroys the original article, as if he bad burned it, and *41is responsible to the owner as if he had burned it: and on the idea that the principle adopted is more likely to do justice to the parties concerned than any other.
By this rule the owner of the original material will recover the value of his material which is the extent of his loss, wdth such additions as a jury may think proper to make if the taking or conversion was wilful, or attended by circumstances. of aggravation. Whereas, If the owner of the materials could always follow them, however much their value might have been enhanced by the labor of the manufacturer, it would lead to results unjust and even absurd. For example, if the owner of the trees can recover the staves made from them, why not the casks made from the staves; and if in replevin he can recover the planks, why not'the ship built with the planks, &c.
This principle of equity is supported by the analogy of the rule established in this State by the decisions, which hold that a vendee of land by a parol contract of sale who takes possession and makes improvements, and is afterwards ejected by the vendor, may recover the value of his improvements. Albea v. Griffin, 2 Dev. and Bat. Eq. 9. So if one who has purchased land from another not having title, ^enters and improves, believing his title good, and is ejected by the rightful owner, he is entitled to compensation.
In both these cases, one who is morally innocent has confused his property with that of another, and he is held entitled to separate it in the only way it can be done,'viz: by being allowed the value of his improvements in the raw material. The case of Bennett v. Thompson; win. supra, was an action of trespass for entering on plaintiff’s land and felling timber which was afterwards converted into boards and shingles-Thit court held that the measure of damages was the value of the trees when felled, and not the value of the manufactured arficle. This case does not profess to go upon the form of the action. There is no reason except technical ones, why greater damages should be allowed in trover than trespass. The *42injury is the same whatever may be the form of action, and it would seem to have been the opinion of the court, that the plaintiff could not follow the material in its manufactured condition.
Upon the principle stated, we are of opinion that although the defendant might have maintained trover fo.r the conversion of the trees, he had no • property in the canoe, and was not entitled to maintain replevin or its substitute, process of claim and delivery for it. Our opinion on this point, however, will only affect the question of damages on a future trial.
3. If the defendant obtained possession of the canoe under regular process of a court having jurisdiction, he can maintain his plea of justification, notwithstanding his want of title, and although he could not have recovered in the action.
The case agreed- states that defendant went, upon plaintiff’s land with the sheriff and took the canoe after having “ commenced an action for the claim and delivery of personal property for the canoe, under the proper process issued from the Superior Court of said county in said action.” The action, if ever commenced, v/as afterwards abandoned, and the only paper found on record is the affidavit of the defendant, the Clerk’s order to the Sheriff, under sec. 118 of C. C. P., and the return of the Sheriff, endorsed thereon, that he had delivered the canoe to the plaintiff in that action, who is the defendant in this. The case further states that “no copy of a summons or other paper or process was then, or at any time, left with Potter,” (the present plaintiff.”) It does not appear that any summons was ever issued. We are of opinion that under sec. 176 of C. C. P., the issuing of a summons was necessary to give the Clerk jurisdiction to make the order to the Sheriff, requiring him to take the property and to deliver the same to the plaintiff in that action. And such summons ought to have been served on the present plaintiff, (the defendant,) if possible, at or before the taking of the property. We do not say that such service was necessary to give the Clerk jurisdiction, *43But the issuing of the summons was. The order of the Clerk was- no justification to the present defendant.
4. We concur with the Judge below, that there was no evi- - dence to warrant the jury in- giving vindictive damages. The damages to which the plaintiff is entitled are the injury to his . land, which seems to have been only nominal, and the value of the canoe, from which the defendant is entitled to deduct or recoup, by way of counterclaim, the value of the timber - which was manufactured into the canoe, just after it was felled; and converted into a chattel.
Let this opinion be certified.
Per Curiam. Judgment reversed and venire de novo.