“The innocence of a party who has profited by a fraud will not entitle him to retain the fruit of another man’s misconduct, or exempt him fromfjthe duty of restitution.” Adams Eq. 176. So the ease*'may he relieved from complication, by the fact that the deed is made to Mrs. Pearce, and may be treated as if it had been made to Pearce, to whom the fraud is imputed.
The provision in our present constitution, by which the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity, is abolished, and the subsequent legislation effects only the *80mode of procedure, and leaves the principles of law and equity intact. The courts as now constituted, give relief,, not merely to the extent and in the cases where it was heretofore given by the courts of law, but also to the extent and in the cases where it was heretofore given by courts of equity; in other words the principles of both systems are preserved, the only change being, that these principles are applied and acted on in one court and in one mode of procedure. For illustration, under the old system, if there was fraud in the factum, i. e., when one paper is substituted in the place of another, or when the party executes a paper through actual fear of death, or great bodily harm, the instrument is void, never was the deed of the party, and is treated in a court of law as a nullity. This was the extent to which courts of law, by reason of their peremptory judgments and regard for deeds, gave relief.
But courts of equity can mould and shape decrees so as to meet out exact justice between the parties, and regard deeds merely as a high species of evidence, and for these reasons give relief beyond the point at which' courts of law stopped. So when there was no fraud in the factum, and no physical duress, a court of equity would take the case in hand and give fitting relief if the execution of the deed be procured by fraud or moral duress; if a bond, by having it can-celled ; if a conveyance by a decree, treating the deed as having passed the legal title, and converting the party into a trustee, who is ordered to re-convey upon such terms as conscience requires. Under the present system, the same court gives relief in all of these cases, and the judgment is framed to suit the case. C. C. P. 216, “ a judgment is the final determination of the rights of the parties in an action.” The equities of the parties being involved in this final determination, as well as their legal rights, it follows that the Court must now give such judgment as will determine these equities and legal rights, in such manner as has hereto*81fore been according to the course of the courts respectively * for example, a cestui que trust conveys to his trustee at an inadequate price; the decree would have been, that the trustee re-convey on repayment, subject to an account for the. profits. The judgment now is, that the plaintiff recover the land and damages and have a re-conveyance on repayment, of the price received, whether a consideration has been paid or the conveyance he a mere act of bounty. Owing to our registration laws, the judgment for land should direct a re-conveyance to- make the title appear on the Register’s books.
As ancillary to the jurisdiction, to avoid deeds obtained by fraud, undue influence or moral duress, courts of equity established the doctrine that in certain fiduciary relations* if there be dealing between the parties, on the complaint of the party in the power of the other, the relation of itself and without other evidence, raises a presumption of fraud, as a. matter of law, which annuls the act unless such presumption be rebutted by proof that no fraud was committed* and no undue influence or moral duress exerted. The doctrine rests on the idea not that there is fraud, but that there may be fraud, and gives an artificial effect to the relation* beyond its natural tendency to produce belief. It may be harsh to presume fraud, and to take it for granted that every man dealing with one who is in his power, acts the rascal* unless he is able to prove to the contrary, which it is hard to do; but the doctrine was adopted from motives of public policy, to prevent fraud as well as to redress it, and to discourage all dealings between parties standing in these fiduciary relations. It may be said, with truth, that it is in most-cases, as difficult for one in the power of another, to prove the many acts and contrivances by which he has been taken advantage of, as it is for the other party, to prove a negative ; so there is no sufficient reason for not enforcing a doctrine ,by which all dealing between the parties, is discountenanced — both bargains and bounties.
*82In the case before us, the instruction asks for the application of this doctrine. The learned Judge refused to give the instruction, but assuming a certain intimate relation to be proved, left the allegation of fraud, as an open question of fact for the jury, treating the relation of the parties simply as an important link in the chain of evidence.
This ruling may have been put on the ground, that the ¡doctrine of presuming fraud from the fiduciary relations of the parties, as a matter of law, is peculiar to Courts of Equity, where it is the province of the Chancellor, to decide the '¡facts as well as the law; and that the provision of the Constitution, by which all issues of fact are to be tried by a jury, in common with the Act 1796 — abrogates this doctrine, and confines the Judge strictly to the law, leaving the facts exclusively to the jury.
.It is true, in tribunals where the Court decides the issues «o'f fact, as well as issues of law, there is an inclination to •adopt rules, by which matters of fact are connected with matters of law, and the rule is applied whenever a given state of facts is made out by the evidence; and if the •presumption of fraud falls under that class of rules, this view would have great weight. But we are satisfied, that the presumption of fraud, from certain fiduciary relations, is not a mere rule of evidence. It is, as we have seen, a doctrine of the Courts of Equity, resting upon public policy, and the necessity of giving protection to the weak and confiding, against the strong and crafty. It is an important principle, by which fraud is prevented as well as redressed, and by the aid of which Courts of Equity carried “the protection of rights,” much beyond the point to which Courts of law were able to reach. It is enough to know this doctrine has been established and acted on as a principle of equity for more than a century; or the ruling may have been put on the ground, that the relation proved, does not bring the case within the application of the doctrine.
*83This imposes upon us the duty of marking distinctly the dividing line between fiduciary relations, which raise the presumption of fraud, as a matter of law, and relations which raise a presumption of fraud, as a matter of fact; the duty is made especially important by the change in the tribunal for the trial of issues of fact.
Upon an examination of the cases, we find our task very difficult, owing to the fact, that as the Chancellor decided the facts as well as the law, it seemingly made no difference whether he put the dicision on the law or the facts; and provided he was satisfied of the fraud, there was seldom occasion to discriminate and set out, whether the conclusion was arrived at as an open question of fact, or by the aid of the presumption of fraud, as a matter of law. In very many of the cases, the evidence and presumption of law are both discussed, and it is left in doubt whether apart from the other evidence, the Chancellor would have declared his opinion to be, that the fiduciary relation was of such a character, as to raise a presumption of fraud as a matter of law; for a sample, Williams v. Powell 1 Ired. Eq. 460, a guardian, in three months and fifteen days after the ward arrived at age, procured the execution of a deed for his land.
Ch. J. Ruffin, in the opinion, assumes the doctrine of the presumption of fraud, as a matter of law, when a guardian deals with the ward just upon his coming of age, cites several cases, and then discusses the evidence and treats the allegation of fraud as an open question of fact. Whether this was because the interval of time, was supposed to prevent the application of the doctrine, or because the evidence opened a tempting field for discussion, by which the fraud could be demonstrated, does not appear; and it is left in doubt on which side of the line that case lies.
Adams, a writer remarkable for clearness, uses this expression in treating of the principle on which dealings between persons holding fiduciary relations, are set aside in *84equity, when the only relation is that of friendly habits, &c. “But no rigorous definition can be laid down so as to distinguish precisely between the effects of natural and often unavoidable kindness, and those of undue influence or undue advantage.” Adams’ Eq. 185. Every rule of law must be “rigorous,” that is, fixed and definite, and must “distinguish precisely.” Certainty is the very essence of a rule of law. So these words are only appropriate to presumptions of fact.
Again on page 184, “ where any person stands in a relation of special confidence, &c., he cannot accept a personal benefit, without exposing himself to the risk, in a degree proportioned to the nature of their conviction, of having it set aside as unduly obtained again, “ a minister of religion may be bound by it, with even greater stringency. The same general principle applies to all the variety of relations, in which dominion may be exercised by one person over another; but in proportion as the relationship is less known and definite, the presumption of fraud is less strong.” Ibid.
A presumption of law cannot be graduated by degrees of force. The relation relied on to raise a presumption as a matter of law, must of itself and without other evidence, either be sufficient for the purpose or not sufficient; if it be sufficient, the law raises the presumption and that ends the matter, unless the presumption be rebutted; if the relation be not sufficient, the instant you let it go and reach out for other matter to aid in proving the fact alleged, it ceases to be a presumption of law, and becomes a presumption of fact, to pass for what it is worth and no more; and the tribunal trying the issues of fact, may consider it as having a slight or strong tendency to produce belief, according to which, its degree of force will be graduated. Now, if Adam intends presumption of law, they cover all the variety of relation in life, and the doctrine would seem to be without limit.
*85This apparent want of clearness in the learned treatise, is explained by the fact, that the author was making deduction from cases, where the Chancellors seldom distinguish between presumptions of law and presumptions of fact, and when he says, “ The presumption of fraud is less strong,” to avoid absurdity, he must be taken to have reference to a presumption of fact. Indeed, in most of the cases, other facts besides the relation of the parties are taken into consideration, and the presumption is used as one of fact. It is only in a few cases, comparatively speaking, where the relation being a known and definite one, is allowed per se, to have the effect to raise a presumption of fraud as a matter of law.
A recurrence to the doctrine of presumptions in Courts of law will serve to elucidate. Presumptions are of four kinds:
1. Irrebuttable presumptions of law.
2. Rebuttable presumptions of law. These are acted upon by the Court itself as a part of the law.
3. Mixed presumptions; called mixed, because the Court lays down the law and the jury acts upon it.
4. Presumptions of fact subdivided into slight and strong presumptions, according to their effect upon the burden of proof.
These are exclusively for the jury.
Mixed presumptions consist chiefly of certain inferences, which, from their strength, importance and frequent occurrence, attract, as it were, the observations of the law, and from being constantly recommended by Judges and acted on by juries, become, in time, as familiar to the Courts and occupy nearly as important a part in the administration of justice as the presumption of the law itself. They are in fact quasi presumptions of law.” Best, on the Principles of Evidence, 329. They are in fact a part of the law. After ¿he Act 1796, which prohibits a Judge from intimating an opinion as to the weight or sufficiency of the evidence, it *86was every clay’s practice for Judges to tell the jury that the lapse of twenty years raised a presumption of payment and established the fact, unless rebutted. The act 18— recognizes this presumption as part of the law and reduces the time to ten years. Presumptions of law and mixed presumptions are allowed in courts of law; “ an artificial effect beyond their natural tendency to produce belief.” The lapse of time is sufficient to establish the execution of a release or surrender when required to support the title. The oath of a mother, as to the paternity of her bastard child, unless-' rebutted, fixes the fact as a matter of law, without reference to the credit due her. The putative father may think it hard, to be required to prove a negative, but the presumption is based on public policy, to relieve counties of the charge, not on the ground that he is, but that he may have been, the father, and it is found in practice that few women are base enough to swear a child to a man who may not have been the father. See Patten’s case. This instance furnishes an analogy for the presumption of fraud in Courts of Equity, as a matter of law. It is obvious, that Courts of Equity could have no “ mixed presumptions,” for the intervention of a jury was not required, and the Chancellor decided the cases himself. Nor did the courts have, as a distinct class, “ presumptions of fact.” Certain inferences of frequent occurrence were established, as presumptions to be acted on by. the Court, as a part of the law, and to these an artificial effect was allowed beyond their natural tendency to produce belief. Other inferences were treated as presumptions, to be considered in connection with other evidence, and were deemed slight or strong, according to their natural tendency to produce belief, which is the characteristic of presumptions of fact, but the cases do not make a distinct classification.
Such being the condition of the subject in the books, on its coming out of the hands of the Chancellors, it is ours to *87fix the limits of the doctrine in regard to the presumption, of fraud from the fiduciary relations, and to see to what extent it can be used, and is obligatory in courts where the-Judge is confined to the law and the issues of fact are exclusively for the jury, to fit the old system to the new, by-' assigning such 'of its parts as had become rules of law, to be acted on by the Judge, and such of its parts as raise presumptions, entitled to more or less weight, according to» circumstances, to be acted on by the jury.
After a full consideration of the authorities and “the reason of the thing,” we are of opinion, that only “the known and definite fiduciary relations,” by which one person, is put in the power of another, are sufficient under our-present judiciary system to raise a presumption of fraud, as; a matter of law to be laid down by the Judge, as decisive of the issue unless rebutted.
For instances, and by way of illustration: 1. Trustee and cestui que trust dealing in reference to the trust fund. 2. Attorney and client, in respect to the matter wherein the relationship exists. 3. Guardian and ward, just after the ward arrives at age. 4. When one is the general agent of another and has entire management, so as to be in effect, as much his guardian as the regularly appointed guardian of an infant. There may be other intances. Fiduciary relations . that do not fall under the first class, raise a presumption of fraud as a matter of fact, to pass before the jury for what it. may be worth. For instance: 1. Fairily physicians; 2.. A minister of religion; 3. Parent and child; 4. When the-only relation is that of friendly intercourse and habitual reliance for advice and assistance, and occasional employment in matters of business as agent.
Our case would seem, from what appears by the statement sent, to come under this last instance; for there is no evidence, that Pearce was the general agent of Mrs. Lindsay, entrusted with the management of all of her affairs of busi*88mess, although he was looked up to by her and relied on for ¡advice and assistance, and frequently acted as her agent in buying wood and leasing her property; all of which evidence should be passed upon by a jury, as raising a presumption of fraud or undue influence, and as being a link in a -chain of circumstantial evidence.
From the manner in which the case is stated and the remaarks at the bar, there seems to have been a difference of •opinion, as to- the mode of trying a case, turning upon the -•application of principles of equity, in a Court having both ‘law and equity jurisdiction; and in which the mode of ■pleading in Courts of Equity, to-wit: by complaint and -answer is adopted; and the mode ot trial in points of law, 'to-wit: by a jury, is ordained by the Constitution.
From the exposition of the subject, that I have taken the pains to make, it appears, in certain known and fiduciary relations, the Chancellors, according to the mode of trial in •Courts of Equity, made a presumption of fraud as a matter ¡of law; in other relations, the Chancellors made a presumption of fact, which, with other evidence, might create belief <-of fraud.
According to the evidence sent to us, there is nothing to -show that Pearce was the general agent of Mrs. Lindsay, having charge of all of her affairs, like a guardian in respect to his ward.
So the instruction asked for, was properly refused; but his Honor assumes, that there may have1 been such a general ^agency, and upon that supposition, gives to- the relation the -effect of a strong badge of fraud, which, with other evidence treating it as an open question of fact. Under this condition of things, we feel it to be our duty, to order a second •trial, upon issues to be agreed on by the counsel, or settled by the Court in pursuance of the rule fixed by this Court.
But apart from this, the plaintiff is entitled to a venire de novo, for error in the charge in this; His Honor, after in*89structing the jury, that fraud must he proved (which is true except when from certain relations fraud is presumed as a matter of law) and after explaining the onus probandi, tells the jury that to justify a verdict finding fraud, they must be satisfied “beyond a reasonable doubt.”
It is very questionable whether this formula, which has been acted upon in the trial of capital cases has answered any useful purpose; but it has never been extended to civil actions. There the rule is, if the evidence creates in the mind of the jury, a belief that the allegation is true, they should so find.
Goldsborough v. Turner, 67 N. C. Rep. 403 was cited on the argument in support of the manner in which this case is made up. In that case issues were found by a jury fixing the allegations of fraud; and no consideration of the remarks of Justice Rodman is admissible, which would impose upon this Court, the province of trying “issues of fact,” as distinguished from questions of fact. Heilig et al v. Stokes, 63 N. C. Rep. 612; for such a construction is opposed by the Constitution. Art. IV, sec. 10, “No issue of fact shall be tried before this Court.” Nor is a construction admissible, which would impose on the Judge of the Superior Court the duty of trying issues of fact except when by consent of parties, the Judge is substituted for a jury, for such a construction is opposed by the Constitution, Art. IV, sec. 18, “ In all issues of fact joined in any Court, the parties may waive the right to have the same determined by a jury,” &c., in the absence of such waiver “ all issues of fact” under the new system must be tried by a jury. These are constitutional provisions, and the provisions of C. C. P. and all other legislative acts must be construed in reference to the Constitution.
Error.
Venire de novo.