The plaintiff had, by the County Court of Hertford, been appointed guardian of some minor children. Subsequently he removed into Yirginia, near the line, and took with him a part of the slaves belonging to his wards, and kept them in his own service and hired out the remainder in this State, and duly made his returns to Court. Upon these facts and without any notice to the plaintiff, the County Court of Hertford removed him from his guardianship and appointed the defendant in his place. This was at the November Term 184S. The order of the removal is in the following Terms : “It appearing to the Court that Henry Cooke, guardian, &c. hath removed out of this State, and, without the order of this Court, certain slaves the property of his said wards, on motion it is ordered by the Court, that said Henry Cooke be removed from his said guardianship.” At the same Term the defendant, Beale, was appointed and gave the necesary bonds. An application was subsequently made by Cooke, the plaintiff, to remove Beale, the defendant, upon the ground that the former had been improperly removed, and to appoint him, Cooke, which was accordingly done. Beale appealed to the Superior Court, where the order of the County Court was affirmed and the defendant appealed to this Court.
The power of Qounty Courts within this State, in appointing and removing the guardians of minor childrcu within their respective Counties, is full and complete, under the act of 1836, ch. 54, sec. 2 and 18. By the latter section, a discretionary power is given to remove, when, in their opinion, the guardian mismanages the estate of his ward. This power, however, is not without its limita and bounds — it is not an arbitrary one, to be used to the oppression and wrong of the citizen, but to be used for the protection of minors and their estates. This Court lias no right to interfere in the exercise of a purely discretionary power by an inferior tribunal, unless brought *38under review by an appeal. But, when it appears from the record, that they have committed an error in law and exercised a power not granted to them, the Court will interfere and correct the evil. In the act of 1836 there is no express limitation of the power of the County Court, but a limitation necessarily arises out of the nature of the appointment, and the duties to be performed by the Court, in seeing that justice is done to the minors. By the 2nd Sec. the power to appoint is given and also the right “to take cognizance of all matters concerning orphans and their estates.” Various regulations are made, as to the manner in which guardians shall manage the estates of their wards, renew their bonds, and make their annual settlements. And all these regulations it is the duty of the Court to enforce. This obligation implies,¿that the person appointed should be, at the time of his appointment, within the control of the Court, that is within the reach of its process. For, by the 7th Sec. it is made the duty of the Clerk of the Court, in which the appointment is made, to issue, ex officio, a notice to every guardian, ■who neglects to renew his bond, as required by law, “in whatsoever County he may reside,” &c. If the Court may appoint an individual a guardian, who is not a resident of the State, how will it be in their power to discharge their duties, or see that he executes his? ’ If after making the appointment they leave the State, where is the limit ? A man living in Vermont or in Minesota would be as legally eligible, as one residing in Virginia, South Carolina, or Georgia. From the nature of the trust, then.wc conclude, that a just construction of the act of 183G requires that the person appointed to the guardianship of an orphan must be a resident of the State. When Mr. Cooke was appointed he did reside within the State, and it was therefore a proper appointment. But the same reasons, which require a residence to receive, requires a residence to continue, the guardianship. And in re» *39moving him the Court was performing a duty and obeying the law. The only objection is that no notice was given to him. Was that requiste 1 We think not. We are of opinion that by the very act of removing, with a viewto apermanent residence out of the State, he waived the necessity of a notice and authorised the Court to act without it. If in such case a formal notice was necessary, much injury might result to the orphans. The act of 1836 evidently proceeds upon the ground, that cases might occur, requiring prompt action on the part of the Court, By the 18th Sec., they are authorised to act upon their own information as well as upon the information of others. And when, as in this case, the fact upon which the conclusion of law is bottomed, is not controverted, but admitted, the necessity of a notice is taken away. But Mr. Cooke not only removed himself but took with him a part of the slaves of his wards. Now if a part, he might carry the whole, and if he could carry the slaves to Virginia, he could carry them to Ohio or Indiana or any where else, where slavery is not permitted. It is no answer to say, that he has given bond for the security of the property, and that his sureties will have to make good any loss the wards may sustain. So they are, and equally so are they bound, if he does not make his anunal returns, or renew his bonds, or in any manner mismanages the estate ; yet for all or any of these omissions on his part, the Court may remove him. But further, it is the duty of the Court to see that the property itself is safe, and that it shall not be carried beyond their jurisdiction. The Court then acted right in removing Mr. Cooke from the guardianship, and, of course, were at liberty to appoint Mr. Beale or any other person, who in their opinion was qualified to recei ve it. The object of the action of the Court, under the proceedings we are now considering, is to declare the appointment of Mr. Beale to the guardianship to be void, because there was already a regular guardian — in other words, to declare *40Mr. Cooke still tbe guardian. We have already said the appointment of Mr. Beal was not void, but legal. Upon the order of the County Court repealing the order appointing the defendant guardian, he appealed, and his Honor, before whom it was heard, held and so adjudged, that the order removing Cooke from the guardianship was not void, for want of notice to him, but that he had been removed without sufficient cause. Where a party has right of appeal and exercises it, the appellate Court is at liberty and is bound to look to all the circumstances contained in the case.andhere, we are of opinion, there was sufficient ground for removing Cooke. It follows that the appointment of Beale was proper, as it is admitted he was a suitable person to be appointed.
There was error in the judgment of the Superior Court, which is therefore reversed and judgment rendered for the defendant Beale.
It is unnecessary to consider, whether there was any irregularity in the order removing Cooke from the guardianship of the infants, for the want of notice to him or any other reason: inasmuch as such irregularity, if there were any, is immaterial to the case as it now exists. Upon the subsequent motion of Cooke, in the County Court, to rescind the first order, by which ho was removed and Beale appointed, both of those persons were before the Court, and it was then competent to hear the whole matter upon its merits, and it was so heard. — ■ The decision was in favor of the motion, and removed Beale and restored Cooke to the guardianship, notwithstanding he, Cooke, then resided in Virginia. From that decision Beale appealed, as he was entitled to do, by the express provision of the Act of 1777 ; and on hearing the parties on the merits in the Superior Court, although it was not alleged that Beale was not a good guardian and a fit person for the office, his Honor held, that Cooke also *41was a suitable person therefor, and that, for the quiet and security of the infants, it was expedient to remove Beale and re-appoint Cooke as the guardian; and he made the order accordingly, from which Beale again appealed. As the case stands at present, then, the question is simply» which of these two persons the interests of the infants require to be appointed their guardian ? Upon that the Court cannot doubt: for, however well qualified for the office one may otherwise be, it is a conclusive objection to his appointment, that he is not a citizen of this State, but an inhabitant and citizen of another State. In like manner, his removal from this State, after having been appointed a guardian, raises an equally strong objection to continuing him in the office, and is a good cause for taking it from him and giving it to another. A guardian ought always to be amenable to the process of the Court, by which he is appointed, in order that proper and prompt enquiry may be made whether he is taking due care of the infants, their education, and estate ; and, when Cooke changed his domicil from this State to another, the Court was bound to remove him for that cause, and for that alone, if there were no other. The orders in the Superior Court must therefore be reversed, and the case remanded with directions to reverse the order of the County Court, from which Beale appealed, and to issue a 'procedendo to the County Court to refuse the motion of Cooke and to let the appointment of Beale stand.
Pkr Curiam. Ordered accordingly.