The trial court, in denying plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, essentially concluded as a matter of law that interest expenses incurred by the taxpayer on federal estate tax and state inheritance tax liabilities or on funds borrowed to pay these taxes were not deductible from the gross estate as a cost of administration. The Court of Appeals, in construing G.S. § 105-9, agreed that plaintiffs were not permitted to deduct the interest on federal estate and North Carolina inheritance tax liabilities. The opinion further stated that
[t]his bar on deductibility based on statutory construction, however, is not applicable to interest which accrued on something other than estate and inheritance tax liability, to wit, on funds borrowed to pay such taxes. Plaintiffs could argue that such interest, which also was incurred as ‘being reasonably necessary for the benefit of the estate,’ could *237hardly fail to be characterized, given ordinary understandings of the language, as a ‘cost of administration.’ The parties, however, have agreed that each kind of interest payment at issue should receive identical treatment in terms of their [sic] deductibility, and, hence, the interest on borrowed funds is also not deductible as a cost of administration.
Holt v. Lynch, 57 N.C. App. 532, 536, 291 S.E. 2d 920, 923 (1982) (emphasis added).
Judge Becton concurred in the majority’s analysis relating to the interest paid on the federal estate tax and state inheritance tax liability. He dissented to that portion of the opinion denying the deduction of interest on borrowed money, believing that the parties’ reliance on an “all or nothing” theory was not controlling.
[1] We first address the question of interest on funds borrowed to satisfy federal estate and state inheritance tax liabilities. We disagree with the decision of the Court of Appeals and hold that interest expenses incurred as a result of borrowing funds to satisfy federal estate and state inheritance tax liabilities may be deducted from a decedent’s gross estate as a cost of administration pursuant to G.S. § 105-9(8). We find no statute which would prohibit such a deduction. Indeed, a reading of G.S. §§ 28A-13-2 and -3 appears to authorize a fiduciary to incur such costs when necessary for the proper administration and preservation of the estate.
G.S. § 28A-13-2 provides that:
A personal representative is a fiduciary who, in addition to the specific duties stated in this Chapter, is under a general duty to settle the estate of his decedent as expeditiously and with as little sacrifice of value as is reasonable under all of the circumstances. He shall use the authority and powers conferred upon him by this Chapter, by the terms of the will under which he is acting, by any order of court in proceedings to which he is party, and by the rules generally applicable to fiduciaries, for the best interests of all persons interested in the estate, and with due regard for their respective rights.
Under G.S. § 28A-13-3 a personal representative has the power
*238(12) To borrow money for such periods of time and upon such terms and conditions ... as the personal representative shall deem advisable ... for the purpose of paying debts, taxes, and other claims against the estate ....
(16) To pay taxes, assessments, his own compensation, and other expenses incident to the collection, care, administration and protection of the assets of the estate in his possession, custody or control.
From these provisions we conclude that plaintiffs’ decision to borrow funds with which to pay federal estate and state inheritance taxes due on the decedent’s estate was authorized under G.S. §§ 28A-13-2 and -3, and hold that interest expenses incurred as a result of borrowing funds may be properly deductible as a cost of administration pursuant to G.S. § 105-9(8). See Estate of Jane deP. Webster, 65 T.C. 968 (1976); Estate of James S. Todd, Jr., 57 T.C. 288 (1971). As the Clerk of Superior Court of Martin County, acting in her capacity as Judge of the Probate Court, approved the expenses as being reasonably necessary for the benefit of the estate, the amount so designated is properly deductible.
[2] We turn next to plaintiffs’ contention that the interest paid on the actual tax liabilities for federal estate and state inheritance taxes is properly deductible as a cost of administration. Defendant Revenue Commissioner’s position, adopted by the Court of Appeals, is as follows:
1. Interest on a tax is a tax pursuant to G.S. § 105-241.1(il):
“Tax” and “additional tax,” for the purposes of this Sub-chapter and for the purposes of Subchapters V and VIII of this Chapter, include penalties and interest, as well as the principal amount of such tax or additional tax.
2. G.S. § 105-9 allows no deduction of estate and inheritance taxes from the gross estate of a decedent other than “taxes paid to other states, and death duties paid to foreign countries.” G.S. § 105-9(5) (emphasis added).
3. Thus the interest on estate and inheritance taxes are not properly deductible under G.S. § 105-9(8) as costs of administra*239tion, because to allow them would erode the clear intent of G.S. § 105-9(5).
To adopt the Commissioner’s reasoning, we must accept his underlying assumption that interest on a tax is a tax for purposes of determining its non-deductibility under G.S. § 105-9. It is this underlying assumption that we now reject. In so doing, we look to our own tax statutes as well as to federal tax statutes and case law.
Both our inheritance tax statutes and our individual income tax statutes fall within Subchapter I of G.S. Ch. 105. Thus, the definition of “tax” found in § 105-241.1(il) applies to both taxing schemes. G.S. § 105-147(5) allows as a deduction in computing net income “[a]ll interest paid during the income year on the indebtedness of the taxpayer except interest paid or accrued in connection with the ownership of property, the income from which is not taxable under this Division.” (Emphasis added.) At least for individual income tax purposes, it seems clear that interest is not viewed as a tax, but something other than a tax. In order to adopt defendant’s definition of “tax” to include interest for purposes of the inheritance tax statutes, it would be necessary to bifurcate the definition of “tax” in G.S. § 105-241.1Ü1), applying one definition for income tax and another for inheritance tax. We do not deem such bifurcation necessary or advisable.
G.S. § 105-241.1(il) falls under Subchapter I, Article 9, Schedule J, which is entitled “General Administration; Penalties and Remedies,” suggesting that this statutory definition of tax which includes interest is for administrative purposes only, and that interest itself is substantively something different and apart from the tax. Moreover, a close reading of G.S. § 105-241.1(i1), in the context of our overall tax scheme, including the provisions of Subchapters V and VIII yields the inevitable conclusion that it is only for purposes of assessment, collection and payment that interest should be treated in the same manner as taxes. Thus, although collected as part of the tax, interest paid on an estate or inheritance tax deficiency is not part of the tax, but something in addition to the tax. See Penrose v. United States, 18 F. Supp. 413 (E.D. Penn. 1937); Estate of Bahr v. Commissioner, 68 T.C. 74 (1977).
*240On this issue we find the reasoning in Bahr, if not controlling, particularly persuasive. As does the defendant in the case sub judice, the Commissioner in Bahr argued that the deduction of interest should be disallowed and reasoned as follows:
1. To be deductible for estate tax purposes, the deduction for interest must be claimed under the general provisions allowing administration expenses.
2. Similar to the limitation in G.S. § 105-9(5), the federal law disallowed the deductibility of taxes as a cost of administration.
3. “[I]nterest on tax is procedurally assessed, collected, and paid in the same manner as tax pursuant to section 6601(e)(1).” Id. at 78.
4. The Commissioner attempted to distinguish deductibility for income tax purposes “because section 163 is specific and is not burdened with any prohibition against deducting taxes.” Id.
Under federal tax law, interest on the deficiency of federal income taxes is an allowable deduction under section 163 of the Internal Revenue Code which, like G.S. § 105-147(5), allows as a deduction all interest paid or accrued within the taxable year on indebtedness. See Rev. Rui. 70-560, 1970-2 C.B. 37. Likewise, interest on the deficiency in State income tax is an allowable deduction under G.S. § 105-147(5) for purposes of a state income tax return. Inasmuch as the definition of “tax” in G.S. § 105-241.1Ü1), and therefore the construction we have placed upon it, specifically applies to the subchapter dealing with our state inheritance taxes, we hold, as did the tax court in Bahr, that “interest on tax, although administratively treated as tax for assessment, collection and payment purposes, remains substantively interest paid for the use of money and is deductible.” Id. at 83.
In so holding that interest on a tax is not a tax, but something in addition to the tax, we are no longer bound by the limitations imposed by G.S. § 105-9(5) which permits as a deduction from a decedent’s gross estate only inheritance and estate taxes paid to other states. We must nevertheless determine whether such interest resulting from estate and inheritance tax liability is properly includable as a cost of administration.
Again we turn for guidance to the well-reasoned opinion in Bahr. We have today held, as the tax court in Bahr was bound to *241do under prior federal tax law, that interest incurred upon money borrowed to pay federal estate and state inheritance taxes is allowable as an administration expense. The tax court rejected, as we now do, the Commissioner’s argument that there was a distinction between interest paid on a debt created to pay the taxes and interest paid on the tax itself. To deny a deduction merely because the government is the lending party “has the practical effect of treating such interest in the same manner as a penalty if the estate does not have sufficient taxable income to benefit from deducting the interest paid on its income tax returns. It has been repeatedly held that interest in the tax law, as elsewhere, is merely the cost of the use of money and is not a penalty.” Id. at 82.
In answer to the Commissioner’s final argument that Congress did not intend that the general provision relating to administration expenses should be a vehicle to reduce taxes through the deductibility of interest, the tax court in Bahr stated:
We fail to see the significance of the fact that the interest, if deductible, would reduce the taxable estate and thus the ultimate amount of estate tax paid. The result is the same when interest is paid to a private lender ... A deductible administration expense, by definition, reduces the taxable estate. To deny an administration expense deduction upon the mere basis that it would otherwise reduce the amount of estate taxes paid would result in the disallowance of all administration expenses.
Our holding today reflects what we consider to be the more reasoned approach to two potential inconsistencies raised by the defendant. First, our construction of G.S. § 105-241.1Ü1), if it is to be in conformity with the accepted definition of interest in the area of income taxes, must necessarily extend to the law of inheritance tax; that is, interest paid or accrued does not become part of the tax assessed and is an allowable deduction. Secondly, we fail to perceive any justification for finding a distinction in the treatment of interest paid on money borrowed to satisfy a tax debt, and interest paid on the debt itself.
The Court of Appeals erred in affirming summary judgment for the defendant. The plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment *242should be allowed. The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the cause is remanded to that court for further remand to the Superior Court, Martin County, for entry of summary judgment for the plaintiffs.
Reversed and remanded.