The sole question presented by this appeal is: Did the trial court err in dismissing plaintiff’s action on the ground that plaintiff filed notice of claim with the city manager rather than the city council, as required by the Charlotte City Charter? The Court of Appeals held not. We disagree.
The general rule in North Carolina on municipal tort notice requirements is stated in Carter v. Greensboro, 249 N.C. 328, 106 S.E. 2d 564 (1959), as follows: “Ordinarily, the giving of timely notice is a condition precedent to the right to maintain an action, and nonsuit is proper unless the plaintiff alleges and proves notice. [Citations omitted.] ...”
Special notice requirements have been justified on the following grounds: (1) To give municipal authorities an early opportunity to investigate such claims while the evidence is fresh, so as to prevent fraud and imposition; (2) to inform defendant of all the facts upon which plaintiff’s claim for damages was founded; (3) to enable defendant, after an investigation of the claim within the time fixed by statute to determine whether it should admit liability and undertake to adjust and settle said claim; (4) to prevent additional accidents by allowing the public entity a chance to take precautionary and corree-*479tive measures; and (5) to aid in establishing fiscal planning and budgeting based on potential liabilities. Perry v. High Point, 218 N.C. 714, 12 S.E. 2d 275 (1940) ; Peacock v. Greensboro, 196 N.C. 412, 146 S.E. 3 (1928) ; Pender v. Salisbury, 160 N.C. 363, 76 S.E. 228 (1912) ; 56 Am. Jur. 2d, Municipal Corporations § 686, p. 730; 52 N.C. L. Rev. 930 (1974).
We have held, however, that substantial compliance with pre-suit notice requirements is all that is required. In Graham v. Charlotte, 186 N.C. 649, 120 S.E. 466 (1923), the Court, citing 6 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations § 2718 [now 16 McQuillin, § 53.163], stated: “ ‘ . . . [A] substantial compliance with the statute is all that is required, and the notice need not be drawn with the technical nicety necessary in pleading.’ ” This statement was approved in Webster v. Charlotte, 222 N.C. 321, 22 S.E. 2d 900 (1942), and Peacock v. Greensboro, supra. See also Dennis v. Albemarle, 242 N.C. 263, 87 S.E. 2d 561 (1955) ; 56 Am. Jur. 2d, Municipal Corporations § 687, pp. 731-32.
In Perry v. High Point, supra, a notice of a claim against the city, addressed to the mayor and city council, the statutorily designated recipients, was delivered to the city manager. Since no notice of claim for damages had been given the mayor or the city council, the council refused to recognize or consider the claim. This Court held that delivery of notice to the city manager was sufficient. Justice Schenck, speaking for the Court, stated:
“This Court has held that statutory provisions that written notice be given to City Councils or Boards of Aider-men of cities or towns as a condition precedent to the institution of certain actions against such cities and towns require only a substantial compliance, without the technical nicety necessary to pleadings, since the provisions are in derogation of the common law. Graham v. Charlotte, 186 N.C., 649; Ivester v. Winston-Salem, 215 N.C., 1.
“ ‘Such statutory requirements being for the benefit of the municipality in order to put its officers in possession of the facts upon which the claim for damages is predicated and the place where the injuries are alleged to have occurred, in order that they may investigate them and adjust the claim without the expense of litigation, a reasonable or substantial compliance with the terms of the statute is all that is required; and where an effort to comply with such *480requirements has been made and the notice, statement, or presentation when reasonably construed is such as to accomplish the object of the statute, it should be regarded as sufficient.’ 43 C. J., p. 1192, par. 1962.
“ ‘Where the board or committee is not in session at the time of service, it is sufficient to direct the notice to the council or other governing body, and then deliver it to the officer having the care and custody of the records and files of such body, within the time fixed by statute. Kelly v. Minneapolis, 77 Minn., 76, 79 N.W., 653.’ 43 C. J., note p. 1206.
“ ‘Delivery of notice in the City Clerk’s office, to an assistant clerk, in the absence of the Clerk, is properly served. McCabe v. Cambridge, 134 Mass., 484; Kelly v. Minneapolis, 77 Minn., 76, 79 N.W., 653.’ 43 C. J., note p. 1207.”
Accord, Penix v. City of St. Johns, 354 Mich. 259, 92 N.W. 2d 332 (1958). Other jurisdictions are in accord, requiring only substantial compliance with municipal tort notice statutes. E.g., Heller v. City of Virginia Beach, 213 Va. 683, 194 S.E. 2d 696 (1973) ; Vermeer v. Sneller, 190 N.W. 2d 389 (Iowa 1971) ; Meredith v. City of Melvindale, 381 Mich. 572, 165 N.W. 2d 7 (1969).
Two courts have specifically addressed the issue of whether substantial compliance should be required only as relates ’ to the form and content of the notice itself or also as it relates to the manner of service on proper officials. Seifert v. City of Minneapolis, 298 Minn. 35, 213 N.W. 2d 605 (1973) ; Galbreath v. City of Indianapolis, 253 Ind. 472, 255 N.E. 2d 225 (1970). Both courts found no logical distinction between the two categories. The Indiana tribunal continued:
“The purpose of the notice statute being to advise the city of the accidents so that it may promptly investigate the surrounding circumstances, we see no need to endorse a policy which renders the statute a trap for the unwary where such purpose has in fact been satisfied.” Galbreath, supra.
The substantial compliance doctrine and other issues concerning municipal tort notice statutes are discussed in 60 Cornell L. Rev. 417 (1975) ; 23 Drake L. Rev. 670 (1974) ; and 46 Ind. L. J. 428 (1970-71).
*481In the present case, the contents of the notice are clearly sufficient to meet the requirements of the charter. Only the giving of notice to the city manager rather than the city council is questioned.
The city manager is the operating head of the city.
Section 4.21 of the Charlotte City Charter, in part provides:
“The City Council shall appoint a City Manager who shall be the administrative head of the city government and shall be responsible for the administration of all departments. . . .
“The City Manager shall: (1) see that within the city the laws of the State and the ordinances, resolutions, and regulations of the City Council are faithfully executed; (2) attend, at the request of the council, all meetings of the council, and recommend for adoption such measures as he may deem expedient; (3) make reports to the council from time to time upon the atffairs of the city and keep the council fully advised of the city’s financial condition and its future financial needs; (4) appoint and remove all department heads and employees of the city except those herein provided to be appointed by the City Council. . . .” (Emphasis added.)
Section 4.23 of the Charlotte City Charter provides:
“The City Council shall hold the City Manager responsible for the proper management of the affairs of the city and he shall keep the City Council informed of the conditions and needs of the city, and shall make such reports and recommendations as may be requested by the City Council or as he may deem necessary. Neither the mayor, the City Council nor any member thereof shall direct the conduct or activities of any city employee, directly or indirectly, except through the City Manager.”
Here, the city manager, well within the time required by the charter, received notice of plaintiff’s injury, in writing, stating the date, time and place of the happening of such injury and the manner in which the injury was received. The city manager acknowledged receipt of the notice of this claim and advised plaintiff’s attorney that it was being forwarded to the city attorney for his study and recommendation. On 4 August 1970, the assistant city attorney wrote the plaintiff’s attorney *482requesting additional information as to the monetary value of plaintiff’s claim and copies of the medical bills incurred.
On 6 August 1970, plaintiff’s attorney answered the assistant city attorney, again outlining the injuries to Mrs. Miller, together with his evaluation of the monetary value of the claim, and stating that he would supply the medical bills at a later date. Thus, long before the ninety-day period in which a notice of claim was required to be filed under the city charter, the city manager, the chief administrative officer of the city, and the city attorney had full and complete information concerning plaintiff’s injury and claim. Later, the plaintiff’s lawyer furnished the city attorney the statement of medical expenses incurred by reason of the plaintiff’s injuries. Thereafter, the assistant city attorney advised plaintiff’s attorney:
“ . . . I recommend that you not file a lawsuit until after the City Council has made a decision whether to approve or deny the said claim. Of course, Council’s action should they approve the claim would avert a lawsuit; and further should they deny the claim, it would in no way prejudice your right to legal action. ...”
On 6 April 1971, plaintiff’s attorney was advised by the assistant city attorney that upon his recommendation the council had denied payment of the claim for lack of notice. The city relies upon Johnson v. City of Winston-Salem, 282 N.C. 518, 193 S.E. 2d 717 (1973). In that case, the ordinance of Winston-Salem required that:
“ . . . All claims or demands against the City of Winston-Salem arising in tort shall be 'presented to the board of aldermen of said city or to the mayor, in writing, signed by the claimant, his attorney or agent, within ninety (90) days after said claim or demand is due or the cause of action accrues; . . . and, unless the claim is so presented within ninety (90) days after the cause of action accrued and unless suit is brought within twelve (12) months thereafter, any action thereon shall be barred.” (Emphasis added.)
The evidence in that case disclosed that employees of the city sewer department and of the city’s claim department had immediate notice of the plaintiffs’ damages and the cause of such damages. Such notice was acquired by observation of these city employees and discussion between them, the city attorney and *483the plaintiff. No written notice was filed until 8 October 1970, more than nine months after the damage was incurred. On that date, the plaintiff wrote the mayor as follows:
“Dear Mayor. This is to notify that on January fourth and fifth, I experienced a great deal of difficulty with the sewer system of Winston-Salem, North Carolina. A back up in the sewer line caused a great deal of damage to my home and personal property. I have been in contact with some of the City’s agents but have received no satisfaction. I thought it might be of help to write to you concerning this matter. I will appreciate all you can do for me.”
The Winston-Salem ordinance required that the claim or demand be presented to the board of aldermen or the mayor, in writing, within ninety days. No written notice was given to any city employee or official that the plaintiff in that case had sustained any damage for nearly nine months after the damage was incurred. Even then, no claim or demand was presented to the board of aldermen or mayor. As one law review article has pointed out, “ . . . actual notice by the city of circumstances surrounding an injury is not notice that the injured person intends to present a claim for damages,” and therefore the city is not afforded an opportunity to properly investigate and prepare its course of action. 46 Ind. L. J., supra, at 438.
In the case under review, the city manager and the 'city attorney had written, formal notice within thirty days after plaintiff was injured that she expected the city to compensate her for her injuries. Thus, on the facts, the case at bar is distinguishable from Johnson v. City of Winston-Salem, supra.
We note that Chapter 58 of the 1975 Session Laws amended the Charter of the. City of Charlotte to allow notice of claim to be given “to the City Council or mayor, City Manager and/or City Attorney . . . , ” and that Chapter 361 of the 1975 Session Laws enacted a new Statewide statute, G.S. 1-55.1, to provide, “ A person with a claim against a city arising in tort or contract must give written notice of the claim to the council or its designee within six months, and commence his action within two years, after the claim is due or the cause of action arises. . . .” Thus, it is clear that the General Assembly recognizes that notice of a claim filed with a responsible official of a city, such as the city manager or the city attorney, or other designee of the council, is sufficient. Admittedly, these statutes *484are not applicable to the present case, but they do indicate the legislative intent to broaden rather than further restrict the officials to whom notice of claim may be given.
In the present case had the notice of plaintiff’s claim gone directly to the city council, undoubtedly it would have been referred by the council to the city manager for investigation and recommendation. The city manager, in turn, would have referred it to the city attorney. Hence, we hold that when written notice of plaintiff’s claim was filed with the city manager within the time prescribed by the city charter, referred by him to the city attorney, and subsequently presented to the city council by the city attorney, the requirements of notice under Section 9.01 of the Charter of the City of Charlotte were substantially and reasonably met and that the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiff’s action.
The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the cause is remanded to that court with direction that it be remanded to the Superior Court of Mecklenburg County for trial in accordance with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.