The proposed franchise ordinance was adjudged void solely on the ground “it exceeds the authority of the City of Fayetteville, either express or implied.” This is the ground on which it was attacked by plaintiffs. It was not challenged as unconstitutional in any respect.
The City Council has not adopted any franchise ordinance. In the resolution adopted December 29, 1966, it set forth its finding “that there is a real need for, and that the public interests and convenience require, an Airport limousine service between the Fayette-ville Municipal Airport (Grannis Field) and the City of Fayette-ville and any and all other terminal points to which the using' public requests the service.” The resolution provides for' advertisement' for sealed bids for a proposed franchise for the furnishing of such air*90port passenger and luggage limousine service. It approves a form of advertisement providing: (1) That “(t)he terms and conditions of such franchise limousine service shall be as fully set out in a draft of a franchise ordinance copy of which may be obtained at said City Manager’s office”; and (2) that “(t)he City reserves the right to 1) award the franchise upon the several bases of amount of rental bid, quality and extent of equipment and service proposed and financial and other responsibility, and 2) reject any or all bids.” The resolution also prescribed the form for submission of bids, providing in part: “The undersigned bids, as to franchise rental, the greater of: 1) $. per rent year, or 2) .% of gross receipts or income of such business.”
The provisions of the proposed franchise ordinance are summa-r rized in-the court’s findings of fact.
Consideration of plaintiffs’ status is appropriate. The certificate issued to , them by the North Carolina Utilities Commission purports to confer common carrier authority along a specified route to the Airport. It does not purport to confer .authority for operation within thé boundaries of defendant’s airport property. Understandably, plaintiffs prefer to continue to operate within the boundaries of. defendant’s airport property without restriction, regulation or payment of rental.
Plaintiffs do not allege they intend to bid for the proposed franchise. Rather, they assert they apprehend if they should bid, successfully or unsuccessfully, they might thereby become estopped to challenge the validity of the proposed franchise ordinance. Except as stated below, they do not attack specific provisions of the proposed franchise ordinance, but assert generally that defendant lacks authority to enact such an ordinance. They do assert “that said Resolution and Ordinance also provides for the defendant to prohibit any person, firm or corporation from going upon Grannis Field for the pickup ’ or delivery of passengers and baggage unless such person, firm or corporation shall have obtained a ‘franchise’ from the defendant municipal corporation:”
Defendant having raised no question with reference thereto, we pass, without decision, the doubtful question as to whether plaintiffs’ status entitles them to maintain this action. Since the public is affected, particularly the patrons of- th'e airlines and' airport facilities, we deem it appropriate to consider'these: question's: (1) Whether defendant has legislative authority to grant a ■ franchise or enter into a contract on terms similar to those set- forth - in the 'proposed franchise ordinance, and' (2) whether an exclusive franchise or contract for the proposed airport limousine service may be granted or made.
Statutory provisions pertinent to- thé authority of defendant, to *91enact a franchise ordinance such as that proposed include those set out below.
G.S. Chapter 160 is entitled “Municipal Corporations.” In Article 1, entitled “General Powers,” it is provided: “Eyery incorporated city or town is a body politic and corporate, and shall have the powers prescribed by statute, and those necessarily implied by law, and no other.” G.S. 160-1. In considering this statute, this Court has held: “It is an established rule that a municipal corporation is authorized by implication to do an act if the doing of such act is necessarily or fairly implied ,in or incident to the powers expressly granted, or is essential to the accomplishment of the declared objects and purposes of the corporation.” Green v. Kitchin, 229 N.C. 450, 453-454, 50 S.E. 2d 545, 547, and cases cited; 37 Am. Jur., Municipal Corporations § 112; 62 C.J.S., Municipal Corporations § 117a,
G.S. Chapter 63 is entitled “Aeronautics.” Article 1 thereof, entitled “Municipal Airports,” consisting of G.S. 63-1 through G.S. 63-9, is a codification of the 'statute enacted as Chapter 87, Public Laws of 1929. G.S. 63-2 provides: “The governing body of any city or town in this State is hereby authorized to acquire, establish, construct, own, control, lease, equip, improve, maintain, operate, and regulate airports or landing fields for the use of airplanes and other aircraft, either within or idthout the limits of such cities and towns and may use for such purpose or purposes any property suitable therefor that is now or may at any time hereafter be owned or controlled by such city or town.”' (Our italics.)
‘ Article 6 of Chapter 63, entitled “Public Airports and Related Facilities,” consisting of G.S. 63-48 through G.S. 63-58, is a codification of the statute enacted as Chapter 490 of the Session Laws of 1945 and amendments thereto. One purpose of the 1945 Act, as declared in the caption thereof, was “to make uniform the law with-reference to public airports.”
G.S. 63-49(a), in pertinent part, provides: “Every municipality is hereby authorized, through its governing body, to acquire property, real or personal, for the purpose of establishing, constructing, and enlarging airports and other air navigation facilities and to acquire, establish, construct, enlarge, improve, maintain, equip, operate, and regulate such airports and other air navigation facilities and structures and other property incidental to their operation, either within or without the territorial limits of such municipality and within or without this State; to make, prior to any such acquisition, investigations, surveys, and plans; to construct, install, and maintain airport facilities for the servicing' of aircraft and for the comfort and accommodation■ of air travelershnd to purchase and' *92sell equipment and supplies as an incident to the operation ■ of its¡ airport properties.” (Our italics.)
G.S. 63-50 provides, in pertinent1 part, that-“the acquisition, establishment, construction, enlargement', improvement, maintenance, equipment and operation of airports and other1 air navigation facilities, and the exercise of any other-powers herein1 granted to municipalities, are hereby declared to be public, governmental and municipal functions . . (Our italics.)
G.S. 63-53 provides that, “(i)n addition to the general powers in this article conferred, and without limitation thereof,” a municipality is specifically authorized, as provided in subsection (3), inter alia, “to confer the privileges of concessions of supplying upon its airports goods, commodities, things, services and facilities; provided that in each case in so doing the public is not deprived of its rightful, equalj and uniform use thereof.” (Our italics.) Subsection (6) authorizes a municipality “(t)o exercise all powers necessarily incidental to the exercise of the general and special powers herein created.”
G.S. Chapter 62 is entitled “Public Utilities.” Article 12 thereof, entitled “Motor Carriers,” consists of G.S. 62-259 through G.S. 62-379. G.S. 62-260(a) in pertinent part provides: “Nothing in this chapter' shall be construed to include persons and vehicles engaged in one or more of the following services by motor vehicle if not engaged at the time in the transportation of other passengers or other property by motor vehicle for compensation: ... (4) Transportation of passengers to and from airports and passenger airline terminals when such transportation is incidental to transportation by aircraft.”
.“The ordinances of .a city are of a dual nature. They may be in effect local laws, or they may constitute contracts. The grant of a franchise to a street car company, and its acceptance of the same, constitute a contract.” State of Washington v. Seattle & R. V. Ry. Co., 1 F. 2d 605. Accord: City of Brunswick v. Myers, 357 Mo. 461, 209 S.W. 2d 134; Kansas City Power & Light Co. v. Town of Carrollton, 346 Mo. 802, 142 S.W. 2d 849; Yellow Cab Co. v. City of Chicago, 396 Ill. 388, 71 N.E. 2d 652.
McQuillin, in his classification of ordinances, refers to “ordinances granting franchises, special-privileges, etc., which may be termed franchise or contract ordinances.” 5 McQuillin, Municipal ■ Corporations § 15.10 (3d ed.).-
The provisions of the proposed franchise ordinance • are contractual, not penal: They purport to-provide for and regulate limousine-sprvice on Fayetteville’s airport propérty and between a designated *93area on its airport property and Fayetteville and also between :a designated area on its airport property and Fort Bragg.
Our decisions establish: The construction, maintenance and operation of a municipal airport is not a necessary expense within the meaning of Article VII, Section 7, of the Constitution of North Carolina. Sing v. Charlotte, 213 N.C. 60, 195 S.E. 271. It is for a public purpose, Turner v. Reidsville, 224 N.C. 42, 29 S.E. 2d 211; Reidsville v. Slade, 224 N.C. 48, 29 S.E. 2d 215; Airport Authority v. Johnson, 226 N.C. 1, 36 S.E. 2d 803; Rhodes v. Asheville, 230 N.C. 134, 52 S.E. 2d 371, reh. den., 230 N.C. 759, 53 S.E. 2d 313. This Court held in Rhodes v. Asheville, supra, that the construction, maintenance and operation by a municipality of an airport is a, proprietary function, as distinguished from a governmental function; hence, the municipality may be held liable in tort for the negligent operation thereof. Accord: 8 Am. Jur. 2d, Aviation § 58; Annotation, 66 A.L.R. 2d 634, 636.
Decision in each of the following cases is based in part on the ground that the municipality, in making a contract or granting a franchise for limousine service at a municipal airport, was acting in a proprietary capacity. Miami Beach Airline Service v. Crandon, 159 Fla. 504, 32 So. 2d 153, 172 A.L.R. 1425; North American Co. v. Bird, 61 So. 2d 198 (Fla.); Ex Parte Houston, 93 Okla. Crim. 26, 224 P. 2d 281; Stone v. Police Jury of Parish of Calcasieu, 226 La. 943, 77 So. 2d 544; Oakland v. Burns, 46 Cal. 2d 401, 296 P. 2d 333.
This statement from the opinion of Terrell, J., in Miami Beach Airline Service v. Crandon, supra, is pertinent: “When given authority to do so a governmental entity is expected to perform a proprietary function under like rules and regulations as those pursued by private individuals. No one would contend that a private or a public service corporation would be barred from entering into an exclusive contract like that involved here if the necessities of its business required. When county commissioners are clothed with a proprietary function wherein they are responsible to the public for prompt and efficient service, it necessarily follows that they must be clothed with power to enable them to meet such requirements and we think the act in question does this.”
In Ex Parte Houston, supra, after reviewing relevant Oklahoma statutes, the court, in opinion by Powell, J., said: “Here the City of Oklahoma City was acting in a proprietary capacity as distinguished from a governmental capacity. This fact is the key to the solution of this case. (Citations). And from the facts heretofore recited, we find that it owned and was operating the municipal airport terminal under authority of the Uniform Airport Act, supra, and under such *94authority obligated itself contractually with the various airlines -us-' ing the airport términal facilities, to perform certain usual, necessary and incidental services therewith connected. An airport terminal exists for the purpose of handling passengers arriving and departing by air line, and the Will Rogers Municipal Airport being approximately eight miles southwest of downtown Oklahoma City, the transportation of passengers to and from the airport to Oklahoma City and looking after their comfort, safety and convenience is the primary responsibility of Oklahoma City as owner and operator of said terminal. To us it appears reasonable that the power to acquire and operate a proprietary function implies all necessary power to operate it efficiently.”
In our opinion, and we so decide, our statutory provisions, quoted above, authorize defendant to award a contract granting to the franchisee the right to provide limousine service upon terms and conditions such as those set forth in the proposed franchise ordinance.
The court found as a fact that “(s)uch Franchise Ordinance provides, and the effect of such Ordinance would be, that no person to whom such a franchise had not been awarded could go upon Grannis Field for the purpose of engaging in such airport limousine business.” Assuming defendant’s authority to grant a franchise as indicated, whether it should grant an exclusive franchise or nonexclusive franchises is a matter for determination by its City Council in the exercise of its discretion and judgment.
In Rhyne, Municipal Law § 22-16, it is stated: “The courts have unanimously upheld the power of a municipal corporation or operator of a publicly owned airport to grant an exclusive right to one company to furnish taxicab, limousine or airline bus service at its airport on the ground that this is the only way a city can carry out its duty to see that adequate, safe, orderly and reliable ground transportation is provided to airline passengers at all times.” This statement is fully supported by each of the following cases: Miami Beach Airline Service v. Crandon, supra; North American Co. v. Bird, supra; Ex Parte Houston, supra; Stone v. Police Jury of Parish of Calcasieu, supra; Oakland v. Burns, supra; Rocky Mountain Motor Co. v. Airport Transit Co., 124 Colo. 147, 235 P. 2d 580; Associated Cab Co. v. Atlanta, 204 Ga. 591, 50 S.E. 2d 601; Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System v. Tucson Airport Auth., 81 Ariz. 80, 299 P. 2d 1071.
In 8 Am. Jur. 2d, Aviation § 56, this statement, based on decisions cited above and others, appears: “It has been consistently held that a governmental body or authority,- as owner and operator of a public airport, can lawfully and properly grant an exclusive taxicab or limousine or car-rental concession at the airport.” Also, *95see Annotation, “Validity, construction, and operation of airport operator’s grant of exclusive or discriminatory privilege or concession,” 40 A.L.R. 2d 1060.
The proposed franchise ordinance contains the following provision: “If any route, condition of service or other aspect of Franchisee’s operation or business shall require approval or authority of or from any person, agency, or governmental or other authority than the City, it shall be Franchisee’s responsibility, alone, to obtain same, and provide proof of such authority to City before commencing operations under this franchise.”
As indicated, no specific provision of the proposed franchise ordinance, except that granting exclusive rights to the franchisee, was challenged by plaintiffs. Decision on this appeal is that a franchise ordinance of the nature of that proposed does not exceed the authority of the City of Fayetteville. For this reason, the judgment of the court below is reversed; and, upon certification of this opinion, the court will enter judgment dismissing the action and taxing plaintiffs with the costs.
Reversed.