Appeal of H. L. Leonard
H. L. Leonard’s assignments of error are based on his exceptions (1) to the court’s finding that he “was served with summons and other process ... on July 30, 1960,” and (2) to the judgment.
*170When the return shows legal service by an authorized officer, nothing else appearing, the law presumes service. The service is deemed established unless, upon motion in the cause, the legal presumption is rebutted by evidence upon which a finding of nonservice is properly based. Downing v. White, 211 N.C. 40, 188 S.E. 815; Smathers v. Sprouse, 144 N.C. 637, 57 S.E. 392. Upon hearing such motion, the burden of proof is upon the party who seeks to set aside the officer’s return or the judgment based thereon to establish nonserviee as a fact; and,- notwithstanding positive evidence of nonservice, the officer’s return is evidence upon which the court may base a finding that service was made as shown by the return. Downing v. White, supra; Long v. Rockingham, 187 N.C. 199, 121 S.E. 461; G.S. 1-592. For a more extended review of pertinent legal principles, see Harrington v. Rice, 245 N.C. 640, 97 S.E. 2d 239, and cases cited therein.
Notwithstanding there was positive evidence of nonservice, the officer’s return and corroborating testimony afford ample basis for Judge Walker’s finding of fact that service was made on H. L. Leonard as shown by the return. The credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the evidence were for determination by Judge Walker in discharging his duty to find the facts. Harrington v. Rice, supra.
Since nonservice of process is the sole ground on which the motion of H. L. Leonard is based, his assignments of error are overruled. Hence, as to H. L. Leonard, Judge Walker’s order is affirmed.
Appeal of Eloise G. Leonard
Eloise G. Leonard’s assignments of error are based on her exceptions (1) to the conclusion of law that she is bound by the judgment “by reason of the statutory provisions of G.S. 1-113,” and (2) to the judgment.
The erroneous recital, referred to in our preliminary statement, indicates the clerk, when he signed the default judgment of September 27, 1960, was under the impression process had been personally served July 30, 1960, on both defendants.
Judge Walker found as a fact “that the defendant Eloise G. Leonard was not served with summons or other process on July 30th.” Nothing in the record indicates she was at any time served with any process.
“When a court of general jurisdiction undertakes to grant a judgment in an action where it has not acquired jurisdiction of the parties by voluntary appearance or the service of process the judgment is absolutely void and has no effect. It may, therefore, be disregarded and treated as a nullity everywhere.” Monroe v. Niven, 221 N.C. 362, 364, 20 S.E. 2d 311; Jones v. Jones, 243 N.C. 557, 563, 91 S.E. 2d 562, and *171cases cited. “Notice and an opportunity to be heard are prerequisites of jurisdiction (citations), and jurisdiction is a prerequisite of a valid judgment. (Citation). The Legislature is without authority to dispense with these requirements of due process, . . .” Comrs. of Roxboro v. Bumpass, 233 N.C. 190, 195, 63 S.E. 2d 144.
Does G.S. 1-113, when properly interpreted, purport to authorize a judgment by default or otherwise against Eloise G. Leonard? If so, it would seem violative of constitutional guaranties as to due process of law. For decisions bearing upon the constitutionality of provisions of “Joint Debtor Acts,” see 50 L.R.A. 595 et seq. We consider the original purpose and history of the statute now codified as G.S. 1-113 in the light of this legal principle: “If a statute is susceptible of two interpretations, one constitutional and the other not, the former will be adopted.” Nesbitt v. Gill, Comr. of Revenue, 227 N.C. 174, 181, 41 S.E. 2d 646, and cases cited.
G.S. 1-113, in pertinent part, provides: “Defendants jointly or severally liable.- — -Where the action is against two or more defendants, and the summons is served on one or more, but not on all of them, the plaintiff may proceed as follows: 1. If the action is against defendants jointly indebted upon contract, he may proceed against the defendants served, unless the court otherwise directs, and if he recovers judgment it may be entered against all the defendants thus jointly indebted, so far only as that it may be enforced against the joint property of all and the separate property of the defendants served, and if they are subject to arrest, against the persons of the defendants served.”
G.S. 1-114 provides: “Summoned after judgment; defense.- — When a judgment is recovered against one or more of several persons jointly indebted upon a contract in accordance with the preceding section, those who were not originally summoned to answer the complaint may be summoned to show cause why they should not be bound by the judgment, in the same manner as if they had been originally summoned. A party so summoned may answer within the time specified denying the judgment, or setting up any defense thereto which has arisen subsequent to such judgment; and may make any defense which he might have made to the action if the summons had been served on him originally.”
G.S. 1-115 provides: “Pleadings and proceedings same as in action. — The party issuing the summons may demur or reply to the answer, and the party summoned may demur to the reply. The answer and reply must be verified in like cases and manner and be subject to the same rules that apply in an action, and the issues may be tried and *172judgment given in the same manner .as in action and enforced by execution if necessary.”
“In the absence of statute to the contrary, whenever two or more persons are jointly liable, so that if an action is commenced against any less than the whole number the nonjoinder of the others will sustain a plea in abatement, a judgment against any of those so jointly bound merges the entire cause of action. The cause of action being joint, the plaintiff cannot be allowed to sever it against the objection of any of the defendants. By taking judgment against one, he merges the cause of action as to that one, and puts it out of his power to maintain any further suit, either against the others severally or against all combined.” (Our italics) Freeman on Judgments, Fifth Edition (1925), Vol. II, § 567; Annotation: 1 A.L.R. 1601; Rufty v. Claywell, Powell & Co., 93 N.C. 306.
“At common law in actions ex contractu, the general rule is, if the contract be joint the plaintiff must sue all the persons who either expressly or by implication of law made the contract. ... In such actions brought against some only of several persons who should have been jointly sued, the defendants must plead the non-joinder in abatement, there being no other way of taking advantage of it, unless it appear on the face of the declaration or some other pleading of the plaintiff that the party omitted is still living, as well as that he jointly contracted, in which case the defendant may demur, etc.” (Our italics) Merwin v. Ballard, 65 N.C. 168 (1871).
In discussing “Joint Debtor Acts,” Freeman op. cit., § 569, states: “In some states, however, statutes have been enacted by which, in effect, liabilities otherwise joint have been made joint and several. Where such is the case, an unsatisfied judgment against one obligor cannot merge or extinguish the liability of another.” Decisions cited in support of this statement include Rufty v. Claywell, Powell & Co., supra.
In Rufty, three individuals, partners, were named as defendants in an action instituted February 10, 1880, to recover on a promissory note “given on 30 September, 1878.” Process for one (Claywell) was not served. A consent (compromise) judgment was entered against “the defendants” at Spring Term 1881. In July 1883, plaintiff “sued out a summons under sec. 223 of The Code (now incorporated in G.S. 1-114) against the partner Claywell.” This Court held the issuance of said summons in July 1883 constituted the commencement of a new action and as such was barred by the statute of limitations.
*173 Rufty was decided at October Term 1885. The ground of decision (with references in parentheses inserted by us) is set forth in the opinion of Smith, C. J., as follows:
“The preceding section (222) of The Code (of 1883) makes separate provisions for prosecuting the action on liabilities that are joint and liabilities that are several, and it is to the former (222(1), now G.S. 1-113(1)) that the four following sections (223, 224, 225 and 226, now incorporated in G.S. 1-114 and G.S. 1-115) apply. Under the rules of pleading, according to our former system, if the action was upon a joint contract and the plaintiff took judgment against a part only of those liable, there could be no recovery in a subsequent suit against those omitted, for the reason that the contract was merged in the judgment, while not being parties to the judgment, they were not bound by its rendition.
“It was otherwise as to contracts that created a several liability, and to such, as in case of torts, a judgment against one or more, left their separate liabilities in force, and then exposed to a subsequent action in like manner as if no judgment had been rendered against the others.
“To obviate the legal consequences of a judgment against some of the joint obligors in extinguishing, through the merger, the cause of action against the others, is the manifest purpose of this innovating legislation introduced in the new system of pleading and practice. Such is the view taken by Mr. Freeman in his work on Judgments, and in our opinion it is a correct view. Secs. 231, 233, 234. (Third Edition, 1881.)
“In this State contracts, whether made by copartners or other joint obligors, were made several by statute, and the plaintiff could sue one or more at his election without impairing his right to proceed against the others afterwards. Rev. Code, ch. 31, sec. 84 (of 1854). This enactment was not introduced in C. C. P. (of 1868), and hence the principle governing contracts as construed at common law being restored, the necessity arose of providing the remedy contained in that Code. The omitted section, which in Merwin v. Ballard, 65 N.C. 168, was decided to have been repealed, was enacted at the session of the General Assembly of 1871-72, ch. 24, sec. 1 (Public Laws, 1871-72), and now constitutes sec. 187 of The Code (of 1883)..
“The result is to render contracts joint in form, several in legal effect, and to neutralize, if not displace, those provisions which operate only upon contracts that are joint and pursuant to which the present proceeding is conducted.
*174“That the contract possesses the two-fold quality of being joint as well as several in law, cannot render available provisions which, in terms, are applicable to such as are joint only. It is solely to remove the resulting inconveniences of an action prosecuted to judgment against part of those whose obligation is joint only, that the remedy is provided, and it becomes needless when the obligation is several also. Such is the construction adopted in the courts of New York. Stannard v. Mattin, 7 How. Pr. 4; Lakey v. Kingan, 13 Abb. Pr. 192.
“We are then constrained to regard the issue of the summons against the appellee as the beginning of a new suit, and the action as open to every defense which could be set up if there had been no previous recovery of the other partners.”
In Davis v. Sanderlin, 119 N.C. 84, 25 S.E. 815, this factual situation was considered: “The plaintiffs in a former action had procured a summons to be issued by Gilliam, J. P., against all three of the partners, including the defendant Mebane, for the same cause of action, and they had recovered judgment against the other defendants only, the defendant Mebane not having been served with the summons. No part of that judgment had been paid when the last action was brought against the defendant Mebane.” It was held that plaintiffs’ remedy against Mebane was by new action, not by motion (summons) under the statute now codified as G.S. 1-114. The following from the opinion of Montgomery, J., is pertinent.
“The procedure by motion is only to be had in cases where the contract is joint only, and not in cases where the contract is joint and several, as in the case at bar. The contract in the case before us is several (section 187 of The Code), and it does not merge in the judgment as it would have done if the contract had been joint only. Section 223 of The Code refers to contracts joint only.” (Our italics).
In accordance with the decisions cited, it is our opinion, and we so decide, that G.S. 1-113(1) applies to obligations that are “joint only,” not to obligations that are “joint and several.” This appears equally true with reference to G.S. 1-114 and G.S. 1-115. Hence, the judgment below cannot be upheld as authorized by G.S. 1-113(1). The obligation (note) sued on herein is alleged to be and its provisions declare it to be the joint and several obligation of the obligors. Indeed, the default judgment now under consideration provided that plaintiff recover of the defendants, “jointly and severally,” etc.
Plaintiff cites Guano Co. v. Willard, 73 N.C. 521; Hanstein v. Johnson, 112 N.C. 253, 17 S.E. 155, and Hancock v. Southgate, 186 N.C. 278, 119 S.E. 364.
*175In Guano Co. v. Willard, supra, the facts were as follows: In a prior action, Willard, although named in the summons, was not served. The complaint demanded judgment against R. F. Morris and the firm of R. F. Morris & Son. It was not alleged that Willard was a partner. Nor did the plaintiff demand judgment against property in which Willard had an interest. In the action then before the court, the plaintiff alleged Willard was a silent partner. This Court, after considering the statutory provision now codified as G.S. 1-113(4), held the action against Willard a new action and as such barred by the statute of limitations. '
In Hanstein v. Johnson, supra, the decision is to the effect that, while a creditor and also each partner has a right to demand that partnership (joint) property be applied to the satisfaction of partnership debts, each partner is severally bound to the creditor for the full amount of his claim.
In Hancock v. Southgate, supra, while the statute now codified as G.S. 1-113(1) is quoted, it is not discussed or applied. There, plaintiff sued four individuals as partners trading as Southgate Packing Company to recover for merchandise allegedly sold to said partnership on order of G. D. Potter, allegedly a partner and general manager. The only answer was filed by defendant T. S. Southgate.- He denied there was a partnership and asserted that “Southgate Packing Company is an unincorporated entirety (sic), owned exclusively by T. S. South-gate.” The jury found the defendants were partners as alleged and that the partnership was indebted to plaintiffs. As stated by Clarkson, J.: “The only question involved in this appeal is the liability of T. S. Southgate.”
We find nothing in the decisions cited by plaintiff in conflict with the rule established in Rufty v. Claywell, Powell & Co., supra, and Davis v. Sanderlin, supra, namely, that G.S. 1-113(1) applies to joint obligations only and does not apply to joint and several obligations.
For the reasons stated, the court (clerk) was not authorized by G.S. 1-113(1) to enter judgment against defendant Eloise G. Leonard. Having failed to acquire jurisdiction by service of process or otherwise, the judgment as to her is void and should be vacated. Hence, as to her, the judgment of the court below is reversed.
As to defendant H. L. Leonard, affirmed.
As to defendant Eloise G. Leonard, reversed.