In Trust Co. v. Pollard, 256 N.C. 77, 123 S.E. 2d 104, an action for wrongful death, the plaintiffs alleged -that, in a criminal prosecution for the -murder of their intestate, the 'defendant was convicted of the -crime of manslaughter. This Court held the 'defendant’s motion to strike these ¡allegations should have been allowed because evidence in support ¡thereof would have been incompetent. Reference was made to our decisions in civil actions growing out of automobile collisions ¡in which it was held incompetent to -show the 'Operator (a party) of one of the vehicles had been convicted of reckless driving, Swinson v. Nance, 219 N.C. 772, 15 S.E. 2d 284, or of driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor, Watters v. Parrish, 252 N.C. 787, 115 S.E. 2d 1, on ¡account of his'Conduct in relation to the very collision on which the ¡civil action was based. Indeed, it was held incompetent to impeach the testimony of such operator by asking him on cross-examination, as to his ¡said criminal conviction.
The decision in Trust Co. v. Pollard, supra, is based on “(t)-he general and traditional rule supported by a great majority of the jurisdictions . . . that, in the -absence of ¡a ¡statutory provision to the contrary, evidence of a conviction ¡and of a judgment therein, or of an acquittal, rendered in a criminal prosecution, is not admissible in evidence in a purely ¡civil action to establish the truth ¡of the facts on which the verdict of guilty or of acquittal was rendered . . .” How*656ever, in Trust Co. v. Pollard, supra, this Court, in opinion, by Parker, J., after citing and discussing Eagle, Star and British Dominions Ins. Co. v. Heller (Va.), 140 S.E. 314, 57 A.L.R., 490, hereafter referred to as Heller, then reserved the question whether “a convicted criminal” may assert rights based on the criminal conduct for which he was convicted.
In Taylor v. Taylor, 257 N.C. 130, 125 S.E. 2d 373, in accord with prior decisions of this Court relating to- similar husband-wife factual situations -and in accord with Heller, this Court held that where the plaintiff had .been convicted of the wilful abandonment of his -wife without providing -adequate support for her, his said conviction was a bar to his action for absolute divorce on the ground of two years’ separation based on the “separation” involved in the -criminal prosecution. Decisions in -accord with Heller, not referred to- in Taylor v. Taylor, supra, include: Connecticut Fire Insurance Company v. Ferrara (C.C.A. 8th), 277 F. 2d 388; Mineo v. Eureka Security Fire & Marine Ins. Co. (Pa.), 125 A. 2d 612; Teitelbaum Furs, Inc. v. Dominion Insurance Company (Cal.), 375 P. 2d 439.
In Taylor v. Taylor, supra, this statement appears: “As in Heller, our decision is limited to a factual situation where the plaintiff is seeking to- profit from 'criminal -conduct for which he has been -prosecuted ¡and convicted.”
Defendant's cross action .is based on the -alleged -actionable negligence o-f plaintiff. Plaintiff asserts defendant’s conviction of .involuntary manslaiugjhter -as in effect establishing defendant’s contributory negligence -as a matter of law. Clearly, under Trust Co. v. Pollard, supra, in his action against defendant plaintiff could not have alleged defendant’s ¡conviction of involuntary manslaughter -to- establish actionable negligence. It ¡is noted that the burden of proof on the contributory negligence issue -arising on defendant’s 'cross action rests upon plaintiff in like manner as on the negligence- issue -in an action by plaintiff -to recover ¡from defendant.
In 8 Am. Jur. 2d, Automobiles and Highway Traffic § 944, it is stated: “In actions to recover for injuries sustained allegedly as a -result o-f the negligent operation o-f a motor vehicle, evidence of prior criminal conviction® for the same ¡acts is generally excluded, either because of the often perfunctory nature of the 'criminal’ proceedings in such cases and .the fact -that such oases and the fact that such convictions are frequently uncontested, or because of traditional reasons as to variation® in parties, procedures, ¡and the like. In isorne jurisdictions statutes have been enacted which expressly provide that no evidence of the conviction ¡of .any person for -the violation of a statute or ordi*657nance 'relating to the operation of motor vehicles is admissible in any court in any 'civil action.”
Whether this Court will extend or strictly limit the application of the legal principle on which Taylor v. Taylor, supra, is based, must be determined in relation to specific factual situations. Suffice to say, we hold it does not apply to the factual situation now under consideration.
Obviously, the conviction for involuntary manslaughter involved the death of a person other than the present plaintiff. (Note: The briefs advise us that plaintiff’s wife was billed as a result of the collision.) It is not alleged that defendant 'has been convicted of an assault on this plaintiff with a deadly weapon, to wit, .an automobile.
Assume, arguendo, an action for the alleged wrongful death of plaintiff’s wife in which judgment was recovered against defendant on the 'basis of a jury finding that the death of plaintiff's wife was p-roximately caused by the .actionable -negligence of defendant. In such case, plaintiff would not be a party or privy to such action ‘and would not ‘be bound thereby. This judgment would not constitute res judicata as to defendant’s actionable, negligence (or his -contributory negligence) in a separate suit involving an action and cross -action between- plaintiff and defendant.
“Generally, to constitute a judgment an estoppel there must be identity -of parties, of subject -matter and of issues. Hardison v. Everett, 192 N.C. 371, 135 S.E. 288. It is a principle of elementary law that the estoppel of -a judgment must be mutual, and ‘ordinarily the rule is that only-parties-and privies are bound by a judgment.’ Rabil v. Farris, 213 N.C. 414, 196 S.E. 321; 116 A.L.R. 1083. When used with respect to estoppel by judgment, ‘the term “privity” -deno-tets mutual or successive relationship to the same rights of pno-perty.’ Greenleaf on Evidence, Redfield Ed., Vol. 1, see. 189, p. 216.” Leary v. Land Bank, 215 N.C. 501, 505, 2 S.E. 2d 570. For exceptions (not applicable here) to these well settled rules, see Light Co. v. Insurance Co., 238 N.C. 679, 79 S.E, 2d 167; Coach Co. v. Burrell, 241 N.C. 432, 85 S.E. 2d 688; Thompson v. Lassiter, 246 N.C. 34, 97 S.E. 2d 492.
In Coach Co. v. Burrell, supra, it is stated: “The great weight of authority seems to be that a. judgment for the plaintiff in an action growing out -of an accident is not res judicata, -or conclusive as to issues of negligence or -contributory negligence, in a -subsequent action growing out of the ¡same a-eeid-ent by a different plaintiff ¡against the same defendant. Tarkington v. Printing Co.; Dunston v. Printing Co., 230 N.C. 354, 53 S.E. 2d 269; Anno. 133 A.L.R., p. 185 IIIb.” See also, Annotation, “Judgment in action growing out .of accident as res judicata, as to negligence or contributory negligence, in later action growing out of *658same -accident 'by or against one not a party to earlier action,” 23 A.L.R. 2d 710, § 5, p. 717; Restatement, Judgments § 93; Meacham v. Larus & Brothers Co., 212 N.C. 646, 194 S.E. 99; Light Co. v. Insurance Co., supra; Morgan v. Brooks, 241 N.C. 527, 85 S.E. 2d 869.
If in the (assumed) wrongful death action, the jury’s answer as to defendant’s actionable negligence would not be res judicata in plaintiff’s action, we perceive no sound reason why defendant's conviction of the involuntary -manslaughter of plaintiff’s wife should be considered in effect res judicata with reference to the issues -raised in plaintiff’s action or in defendant’s cross action. Obviously, plaintiff was not a party to the criminal prosecution in which defendant was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Moreover, the subject of the criminal prosecution, the death of plaintiff’s wife, is not the subject of this action.
For the reasons stated, we are -of 'opinion, and so decide, that the defendant’s iconviction of the involuntary manslaughter of plaintiff’s wife is not a bar to defendant’s cross action- herein and that, for reasons set forth in Trust Co. v. Pollard, supra, the court erred in permitting plaintiff to amend his reply so -as to allege facts relating to defendant’s said conviction. Accordingly, the judgment of the court below is reversed and -the -cause is remanded to the end that an order be entered striking from plaintiff’s reply the allegations relating to defendant’s 'conviction of involuntary manslaughter.
Reversed -and -remanded.