A caveat is an in rem proceeding. G.S. 31-32. It is an attack upon the validity of the instrument purporting to be a will. The wall and not the property devised is the res involved in the litigation. Whitehurst v. Abbott, 225 N.C. 1, 33 S.E. 2d 129.
In Mills v. Mills, 195 N.C. 595, 143 S.E. 130, the will involved was probated in common form and thereafter caveated and the issue of devisavit vel non was answered in the affirmative. The Court entered judgment ordering the will admitted to probate in solemn form. In this case, citation was issued to the three executors of the will, w'ho were legatees thereunder, but no citation or notice whatsoever -was given to the heirs at law of the testatrix. This court said: “It is obvious from the judgment and agreed statement of facts that the heirs at law of testatrix under the authorities were not made parties to the caveat proceedings by citation, nor does it *92appear that they were cognizant of the proceedings or charged with knowledge that the devisees in the will had taken possession of the property thereunder. Under these circumstances they ■ are not estopped to file a second caveat.” Bailey v. McLain, 215 N.C. 150, 1 S.E. 2d 372; In re Will of Brock, 229 N.C. 482, 50 S.E. 2d 555.
It was conceded in the Mills case in an agreed statement of facts, that the heirs at law had not been cited and had no actual knowledge of the caveat proceedings. However, in the instant case, the very question attempted to be determined in the court below was whether the caveators herein were parties to or had knowledge of the prior caveat proceedings. It was admitted the original caveat was filed and determined in favor of the propounders of the will.
It seems clear under our decisions that a second caveat was not the proper procedure to raise and determine this question of fact, but the heirs not cited and who had no knowledge of the prior caveat should have made a motion in the original cause to set aside the judgment entered therein as to them, and if successful in having the judgment set aside, then to file a second caveat to set aside the will upon the grounds alleged in their caveat.
In Freeman on Judgments, 5th Ed., Yol. I, page 418, et seq., it is said: “Assuming the power exists, the grounds upon which a decree probating a will may be set aside, except in so far as they may be affected by statute, or the nature of the case, are in general the same as those available against other judgments. * *
“The proceedings for relief must be taken in the court in which the will was probated * * *. The procedure employed in this class of cases follows the rules governing judgments generally in similar cases, except as it may be affected by some special statutory provision, both as to the nature of the application and the time within which it should be made. * * * (N)or should the application be made by filing a caveat, but is ordinarily by motion or its equivalent rather than by petition, though as to this matter necessary showing may be proper. * * *”
In the case of Groome v. Leatherwood, 240 N.C. 573, 83 S.E. 2d 536, this Court said: “Ordinarily, the decrees of probate courts, when acting within the scope of their powers, will be considered and dealt with as orders and decrees of courts of general jurisdiction, and where such courts had jurisdiction over the subject matter of the inquiry, such orders and decrees are not subject to collateral attack. (Citations omitted.)”
In Coker v. Coker, 224 N.C. 450, 31 S.E. 2d 364, the testator died, leaving a paper writing purporting to be a will, in which he devised all his property to his wife. He had no children. Plaintiffs, collateral *93heirs at. law, filed a caveat. It appears that the caveators offered no evidence and that it was agreed that the issue of devisavit vel non should be submitted to the jury without objection by the caveators.
The plaintiffs instituted a second action, alleging that they never authorized the submission of the issue of devisavit vel non to the jury without presenting their evidence. In the second cause of action they undertook to assert two separate alleged causes of action: (1) in ejectment, and (2) to set aside the verdict and judgment in the caveat proceeding. When the matter came on for hearing, the trial judge treated the second cause of action as a motion in the cause and, upon the facts presented, refused to set aside the judgment in the former caveat proceedings. On appeal to this Court, Barnhill, J., later C.J., speaking for the Court, said: “Plaintiffs, in their second cause of action, seek to attack the former judgment by independent action rather than by motion in the original cause. On the facts alleged their remedy, if any, is by motion in the cause. (Citations omitted.) The court below, rather than dismiss, treated it as such. This was permissible. Finance Co. v. Trust Co., 213 N.C. 369, 196 S.E. 340, and cases cited.
“Being a motion to set aside the former judgment, the evidence raised questions of fact for the court to decide and not issues of fact for the jury. Cleve v. Adams, 222 N.C. 211, 22 S.E. 2d 567.”
In Cleve v. Adams, supra, this Court said: “The motion made in the original action to set aside the judgment ® * * presented questions of fact and not issues of fact. It was for the judge to hear the evidence, find the facts and render judgment thereon. Monroe v. Niven, 221 N.C. 362 (20 S.E. 2d 311), and cases cited.”
The court below might have treated the prayer to set aside the probate in common and solemn form as a motion in the cause and proceeded to dispose of it as such, but it did not do so. Simmons v. Box Co., 148 N.C. 344, 62 S.E. 435; Craddock v. Brinkley, 177 N.C. 125, 98 S.E. 280; Fowler v. Fowler, 190 N.C. 536, 130 S.E. 315; Menzel v. Menzel & Williams v. Blades, 250 N.C. 649, 110 S.E. 2d 333. In this there was error.
Since the probate of a will in solemn form concludes all heirs and distributees who were cited, or who had knowledge of the proceeding and an opportunity to be heard therein, in our opinion, all the next of kin of Sara B. Cox who participated in the original caveat proceeding and the compromise referred to in connection therewith, should be bound thereby, and the judgment in such proceeding will remain binding as to them. If it should be established that the caveators herein, to wit, Winifred B. Fuller and Bernard J. Baggett, were not cited or given any notice whatsoever with respect to the *94original caveat proceeding and had no knowledge thereof, then as to them the judgment should be set aside and they should have an opportunity to set the will aside on the grounds alleged in the second caveat.
In In re Sanderson’s Estate, 157 Misc. 473, 283 N.Y.S. 781, it is said: “Every decree of a surrogate’s court is conclusive as to all matters embraced therein against every person of whom jurisdiction was obtained. (Citations omitted.)
“Upon the opening of a decree in a proceeding for re-probate, therefore, the only persons, who may avail themselves of the added opportunity to be heard, are those who were not cited in the original proceeding and who are, therefore, not bound by the adjudication made therein. (Citations omitted.) The proceeding for probate is one in rem. (Citations omitted.) As to all parties to such a proceeding in rem, the adjudication made is conclusive and binding, except upon appeal. * *
“ * * (T)he order * * * reopening the decree in respect to the unserved parties meant exactly what it said, namely, that it was 'without prejudice to any of the proceedings heretofore had herein,’ and under such order no rights were given to nor could be acquired by, a party to the previous proceeding who was bound by that adjudication on ordinary principles of res adjudicata.” See also Security Trust & Savings Bank v. Superior Court, 21 Cal. App. 2d 551, 69 P 2d 921; Lewark v. Dodd, 288 Ill. 80, 123 N.E. 260; Samson v. Samson, 64 Cal. 327, 30 P 979; contra, Byrd v. Riggs, 211 Ga. 493, 86 S.E. 2d 285.
The verdict and judgment entered below are set aside and the cause remanded for further proceeding in accord with this opinion.
Error and remanded.