The question for decision on this appeal is whether or not the court erred in overruling defendant’s motion for nonsuit of plaintiff’s personal injury action.
For the purposes of this 'appeal defendant concedes that she was negligent, that her negligence was the proximate cause of the oollission and that she is liable for the “slight” damage ito plaintiff's .automobile. But she denies that she is responsible for plaintiff’s neurosis and “converion reaction.”
On a motion for nonsuit the evidence is to be taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and she is entitled to the benefit of every reasonable intendment upon the evidence and every reasonable inference of fact to be drawn therefrom. Manufacturing Co. v. Gable, 246 N.C. 1, 14, 97 S.E. 2d 672.
When the evidence in the instant case is considered in accordance with this rule, the following salient facts emerge: Plaintiff experienced no direct bodily impact and received no immediate physical injury from the collision. Plaintiff did not see what bad struck her car until she had driven about half a block beyond the point of collision and parked her vehicle; she heard “a grinding sound on the left side” of her automobile. She was more than ordinarily predisposed to neurosis. The collision occurred near a school building while children were going to school. About a month earlier her brother-in-law, while driving an automobile, had collided with a child on a bicycle and the child had been killed. When plaintiff heard the “grinding noise” she was seized with fear and anxiety that she had hit a child on a bicycle and was somewhat relieved to discover later that she had not. From this experience she developed a neurosis which resulted in a conversion reaction or pseudo-paralysis. In the -opinion of the psyohia-*503fcrists wbo attended her, the collision and grinding noise “triggered” her neurosis.
Upon this evidence plaintiff insists that she has made out a prima facie case for recovery of damages for personal injury resulting from defendant’s negligence.
This case falls within a relatively “open space” of the law. Our Court has decided cases somewhat analagous but none directly in point. With respect to some of the material aspects of the case there is considerable conflict and l'ack of significant direction in the decisions of other jurisdictions. This cause involves mental distress and invasion of emotional tranquility. It concerns itself with fear and resultant neurasthenia allegedly caused by ordinary negligence. In so far as possible we shall avoid consideration of those situations wherein fright, mental suffering and nervous disorder result from intentional, wilful, wanton or malicious conduct.
The phase of the law with which we are here concerned is fully discussed,-with ample citations and annotations, in the following authorities: 52 Am. Jur., Torts, sections 45-72, pp. 388-419; 25 O.J.S., Damages, sections 62-70, pp. 548-560; 64 A.L.R. 2d 95-151; 98 A.L.R. 394-406; 76 A.L.R. 676-686; 56 A.L.R. 655-660; 44 A.L.R. 425-430; 40 A.L.R. 970-987; 23 A.L.R. 358-392; 11 A.L.R. 1115-1144. We have carefully considered these and other authorities. We have, of course, examined North Carolina decisions with great care. From the foregoing we glean the following general principles and conclusions.
It is almost the universal opinion that recovery may be had for mental or emotional disturbance in ordinary negligence cases where, coincident in time and place with the occurrence producing the mental stress, some actual physical impact or genuine physical injury also resulted directly from defendant’s negligence. Thus, where plaintiff was electrically burned by defendant’s negligence, it was held that she was entitled to recover for resulting shock .and .traumatic neurosis. Traction & Terminal Co. v. Roman (Ky. 1929), 23 S.W. 2d 272. See also Israel v. Ulrich (Conn. 1932), 159 A. 634, where injury was slight. North Carolina decisions are in accord. Ford v. Blythe Brothers Co., 242 N.C. 347, 87 S.E. 2d 879; Lane v. R. R., 192 N.C. 287, 134 S.E. 855; Kistler v. R. R., 171 N.C. 577, 88 S.E. 864. But the emotional disturbance and nervous disorder must be the natural and proximate result of the injury as it affects plaintiff himself. Ferebee v. R. R., 163 N.C. 351, 79 S.E. 685. In this case plaintiff was not allowed to recover for mental suffering occasioned by worry that his physical injuries would prevent 'him from supporting his family and educating his child.
All courts agree that mere fright 'caused by ordinary negligence *504does not give a cause of «ration and may not be considered an element of damages. R. R. v. Hayter, (Tex. 1900), 54 S.W. 944, 945; Chiuchiolo v. Wholesale Tailors (N.H. 1930), 150 A. 540, 545. Our Court has so declared in negligence cases and in cases involving wilful conduct. Kirby v. Stores Corp., 210 N.C. 808, 812, 188 S.E. 625; Arthur v. Henry, 157 N.C. 438, 440, 73 S.E. 211; Kimberly v. Howland, 143 N.C. 398, 403, 55 S.E. 778.
Where 'actual physical injury immediately, naturally .and proximately results from fright caused by defendant's negligence, recovery is allowed. It was decided that “one negligently colliding with another’s automobile may properly be held liable for injury sustained by an occupant who, though uninjured by the collision, fainted from fright on leaving the car and, falling, fractured her skull.” Comstock v. Wilson (N.Y. 1931), 177 N.E. 431, 76 A.L.R. 676. See also Colla v. Mandella (Wis. 1957), 85 N.W. 2d 345, 64 A.L.R. 2d 95.
In some jurisdictions neurotic reactions, accompanied by severe headaches, dizziness, crying spells, irritability, back pains and similar manifestations, resulting from fright caused by defendant’s negligence, are held to justify recovery on the ground that they amount to .and should be regarded as “physical” injuries. Bowman v. Williams (Md. 1933), 165 A. 182; Motor Co. v. Crysel (Tex. 1956), 289 S.W. 2d 631. In a decision of this Court, Kimberly v. Howland, supra, it is said: “The nerves are ’as much a part of the physical system as the limbs, . . . We think the general principles of the law of torts support a right of action for physical injuries resulting from negligence, whether wilful or otherwise, none the less strongly because the physical injury consists of a wrecked nervous system instead of lacerated limbs.”
Most of the courts ¡have displayed considerable reluctance to extend recovery for mental distress and nervous disorders resulting from shock ‘and fright to situations involving ordinary negligence. Various reasons are assigned for denial of recovery in such cases. It has been said that there can be no recovery for the consequences of fright where 'there can be no recovery for fright itself. R. R. v. Bragg (Ark. 1901), 64 S.W. 226; Mitchell v. R. R. (N.Y. 1896), 45 N.E. 354. There 'are decisions to the effect that nervous disorder resulting from fright is too remote’ in the chain of causation and- is not the natural and probable consequence of the wrong done. Justesen v. R. R. (N.J. 1919), 106 A. 137. It was held that a miscarriage as a result of fright is not actionable since it was the result of an accidental and unusual combination of circumstances which could not have been reasonably anticipated and over which the defendant had no control. Mitchell v. R. R., supra. Some courts have denied recovery on the ground that *505emotional disturb aarces are subjective states of mind, difficult of proper evaluation -and of such nature that plaintiff’s proof is too easy and defendant’s burden too difficult. It is suggested that recovery on such grounds will open the door to fraud. Huston v. Freemansburg (Pa. 1905), 61 A. 1022. It is contended that it would result in a flood of litigation. Mitchell v. R. R., supra. Spade v. R. R. (Mass. 1897), 47 N.E. 88, rested its decision in part on the ground that in practice it is impossible for ¡the courts to properly administer a rule allowing such recovery. These and many other reasons have been assigned for denying recovery for neurosis resulting from fright.
The courts of many jurisdictions allow recovery for emotional disturbances, mental suffering and neurosis resulting from shock and fright in oases of ordinary negligence if they proximately flow from defendant’s wrongful act and may be reasonably foreseen. Bowman v. Williams, supra; Chiuchiolo v. Wholesale Tailors, supra. It has been declared that mental and nervous disorders are no more difficult to evaluate under these circumstances than ¡as an element of damages following a physical injury. Orlo v. Connecticut Co. (Conn. 1941), 21 A. 2d 402, 405. Likewise it has ¡been asserted that the question of causation lends itself to medical proof and is no more difficult of determination in this class of cases than in instances where there is contemporaneous personal injury. Dulieu v. White & Sons (Eng. 1901), 2 K.B. 669.
Recovery is usually denied where the fear or anxiety resulting in neurosis is for the life, safety or well being of a person other than plaintiff himself. Waube v. Warrington (Wis. 1935), 258 N.W. 497; 98 A.L.R. 394; R. R. v. Stewart (Ind. 1900), 56 N.E. 917. Our Court has adopted this view. Hinnant v. Power Co., 189 N.C. 120, 126 S.E. 307; May v. Telegraph Co., 157 N.C. 416, 423, 72 S.E. 1059; Ferebee v. R. R., supra. But there are contrary holdings. Bowman v. Williams, supra.
If it appears that plaintiff suffered physical consequences from emotional stress only because of his own special susceptibility, courts generally deny recovery on the ground that defendant is under a duty only to avoid conduct which can injure ordinarily susceptible persons. Spade v. R. R., supra. Some courts permit the matter to turn upon the question as to whether or not defendant had knowledge of plaintiff’s abnormal susceptibility. Oehler v. Bamberger & Co. (N.J. 1926), 135 A. 7.1 (Affd. 103 N. J. L. 703, 137 A. 425). It has been held that where the abnormal susceptibility arose because of prior experiences, the injurious results cannot be regarded as having been proximately caused by defendant’s conduct. Legao v. Vielmeyer Bros. (N.J. 1929), 147 A. 110. Some courts have refused to apply the sus-*506ceptilbility doctrine and have allowed recovery notwithstanding ab-normalcy. Purcell v. R. R. (Minn. 1892), 50 N.W. 1084, 1035; Kenney v. Wong Len (N.H. 1925), 128 A. 343, 347.
The foregoing resume demonstrates the lack of harmony in the decisions of the courts in this ■area of the law. It appears that oases 'have usually been decided strictly upon the factual situations presented. Indeed, it is a field of the law in which there is great difficulty in adhering to any fixed set of principles. It is clear that our Court has decided cases in this category strictly upon the facts as presented without adopting inflexible rules.
There has been only one case in this Court in which a conversion reaction, as such, has been directly involved. Mintz v. R. R., 233 N.C. 607, 609, 65 S.E. 2d 120. The decision in that case did not deal with the nervous disorder and it furnishes no guidance here.
The case of Kimberly v. Howland, supra, is the nearest approach in our reports to the case at bar. In this case defendant was blasting with dynamite on the outskirts of the city of Asheville, 175 yards from plaintiff’s home. A large rock fell through the roof. Defendant’s foreman was not an expert blaster and the charge was improperly fired off. Plaintiff was pregnant. She was in bed when the rock came through the roof. The rock did not strike her but she was frightened and upset, almost had a miscarriage and was ill for some time. The Court held that her shocked nervous system was a physical injury and recovery therefor was allowed. The Court said: “It is true defendant did not know at the time he fired the blast that the feme plaintiff was lying in bed in her home in a pregnant condition, but he or his agents knew it was a dwelling house and that in well-regulated families such conditions occasionally exist. While defendant could not foresee the exact consequence of his act, he- ought in the exercise of ordinary care to have known that he was subjecting plaintiff and his family to danger, and to have taken proper precautions to guard against it.” The charge of the trial court was approved and the following is an excerpt therefrom: “. . . if this fright and nervousness is the natural and direct result of the negligent act of the defendant, and if this fright and nervousness naturally and directly causes an impairment of health or loss of bodily power, then this would constitute an injury . . . and this injury must be the natural and direct result of the negligent act of the defendant and one which should have been foreseen by the defendant in the exercise of ordinary care.” There are several differences between this case and the one at bar — at this point it is noted that the aot in the manner it was performed *507by tihe defendant was of a dangerous, violent and frightening nature.
The oáse at bar is factually unique even -in its own category — oases of fright, anxiety and other emotional stress, unaccompanied by actual physical injury. Here defendant does not challenge recovery by plaintiff for property damage. In other words, defendant tacitly admits, for the purposes of 'this appeal, that plaintiff sustained damage .to her automobile, defendant was negligent, and defendant’s negligence was the proximate cause of such damage. But defendant insists there was no causal connection between defendant’s negligent conduct and the fright, neurosis and conversion reaction experienced by plaintiff. We agree that defendant’s negligence 'was not that cause which “in natural 'and continuous sequence, unbroken by any new and independent cause,” produced the personal injury plaintiff complains of.
Plaintiff did not testify and does not now contend that she was frightened by the collision between her automobile and defendant’s sportsear. Neither does she assert that her anxiety was occasioned by the grinding sound along the left side of her oar. She said that all she could think of was that she had killed a child. — a child on a bicycle: She had a more -than ordinary predisposition to neurosis. The experience of her brother-in-law, about a month before, in colliding with a child on a bicycle, resulting in the child’s death, had deeply affected her in her state of proneness to emotional disturbance. When the collision occurred she envisioned the possibility that she had collided with a non-existent child on an imaginary bicycle. In short, she was not frightened by what actually happened but by what might have happened. It was not the collision that caused her anxiety, it was something that did not exist at all, a phantom child on a non-existent bicycle.
The defendant was under no duty to anticipate or to take precautions against a mere possibility that plaintiff or other persons might imagine a state of facts that did not exist. The thing that plaintiff feared might have happened on this occasion is entirely remote from what actually did happen. And it was the imaginary thing, not the real occurrence, that caused the fright, neurosis and conversion reaction. Defendant is responsible only for the proximate result of her conduct, that is, for the damage caused by what ■actually did happen.
Furthermore, plaintiff did not see the vehicle that collided with the oar. According to the evidence, defendant’s right front fender made contact about the middle of the left front door of plaintiff’s car. Plaintiff was sitting just inside that door. One slight glance *508would (have disclosed that she had collided with an automobile. The injury to the cars was slight; neither was going fast. It is true that if .plaintiff had looked she could not have avoided the collision. But, if she had looked She would have seen that the object which struck her oar was not a child! on a bicycle. If she had merely looked she would not have been frightened by the occurrence and would have had no occasion for anxiety concerning that which did not happen — a possible collision with a phantom child on a bicycle. Plaintiff had the duty to keep a reasonable lookout. The 'conclusion is inescapable that her failure to look is a contributing cause of her fright, a cause without which the 'anxiety would not have arisen. Also, it is indisputable that plaintiff’s fright and anxiety was for the safety of the imaginary non-existent child and not because of any apprehension for her own safety or well-being. The record does not disclose any evidence that plaintiff feared that she would suffer any harm of any kind from the collision. She thought of herself as one who might have injured another. And this was only momentary. She learned immediately that her fears were ungrounded. As already indicated, this Court has held that there can be no recovery for fright and anxiety, and resultant neurosis, which arises for the safety and well-being of 'another. In Hinnant v. Power Co., supra, at page 129, it is said, in a quotation from 8 R. C. L., 515, sec. 73: “In the law, mental anguish is restricted as a rule, to such mental pain or suffering as arises from an injury or wrong to the person himself, as distinguished from that form of mental suffering which is the accompaniment of sympathy or sorrow for another’s suffering, or which arises from a contemplation of wrongs committed on the person of another.”
In Restatement of the Law (1948 Supplement), Torts, section 435(2), it is said: “The actor’s conduct is not a legal cause of harm to another where after the event and looking back from the harm to the actor’s negligent conduct, it appears to the court highly extraordinary that it should have brought about the harm.”
As to plaintiff’s action for damages for personal injury, the judgment below -is reversed; as to the action for property damage, it is affirmed. This cause is remanded that the judgment may be modified in accordance with this opinion.
Modified and affirmed.
HiggiNS, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.