The court below not only denied the motion of plaintiffs for judgment on the pleadings, but also affirmatively adjudged, without objection or exception, that the trust created by the testator’s codicil to his will is valid. Hence the one question presented for decision is this : Is said trust within the rule against perpetuities ?
Much has been written on the subject of perpetuities. Repetition here would serve no useful purpose. Suffice it to say that the common law rule against perpetuities is recognized and enforced in this State.
This rule is not one of construction but a positive mandate of law to he obeyed irrespective of the question of intention. N. C. Const., Art. I, sec. 31; Lockhart’s Estate, 306 Pa. 394, 159 A. 874; Re Friday, 313 Pa. 328; 170 A. 123, 91 A.L.R. 766; 41 A.J. 58. Its primary purpose is to restrict the permissible creation of future interests and prevent undue restraint upon or suspension of the right of alienation. Whenever the future interest takes effect, or the right of alienation is suspended beyond the period stipulated in the rule, it is violative thereof. 41 A.J. 74.
While there are some cases contra, the great preponderance of authorities in the United States is to the effect that the rule applies to private trusts. 1 Bogert, Trusts and Trustees, 670, 680, and cases cited in note, p. 680. Billingsley v. Bradley, 166 Md. 412, 171 A. 351, 104 A.L.R. 274. The decisions of this Court are in line with the majority view. “A trust for private purposes must terminate within a life or lives in being and twenty-one years and ten lunar months thereafter.” Trust Co. v. Williamson, 228 N.C. 458; Springs v. Hopkins, 171 N.C. 486, 88 S.E. 774.
The rule is thus applied for the reason a trust violative of the rule in duration effects an undue postponement of the direct enjoyment of the property and works an unreasonable restraint on alienation.
*104If the period of the trust is too long, the court does not reduce the limitation to lives in being and twenty-one years, but declares the whole trust invalid. 1 Bogert, Trusts and Trustees, 680, and cases cited in note.
Had Vivian Mercer died without issue surviving, the estate would have vested free of the limitations of the trust within the prescribed time. But such is not the case. She left issue surviving, two of whom were not in being at the time of the death of the testator. Still others might have been born to her. Gray, Perpetuities, 4th Ed., 214, sec. 215. There is no limitation over after the death of such issue and no provision for the final termination of the trust. Certainly it continues until the death of the survivor. Whether the title then vests in the heirs of testator or the heirs of the grandchildren, there is a future interest which may not vest in the ultimate takers free of the trust limitation until long after the expiration of the prescribed period. In the meantime, the trust continues and the property is fettered thereby, with title vested in no one having the power of alienation. The rule is designed to guard against just this type of situation. 1 Bogert, Trusts and Trustees, 640; Ibid. 610, sec. 218.
It follows that the trust the testator attempted to create in his codicil is void. Hence the judgment below must be
Eeversed.