The question posed by this appeal is: Was the personal service on a resident, one of three directors of a domestic corporation, and service by publication upon two nonresidents, the other two directors of such corporation, sufficient to subject said two nonresidents to the jurisdiction of the court? We think, and so hold, that the answer is in the negative.
Due service of process is necessary to subject a party to the jurisdiction of the court. Only personal service was recognized at common law, and when substituted service is authorized by statute it is strictissimi juris, and being of rigid right, a party invoking it is entitled to cold law — no more, no less. Stanton v. Thompson, 234 Mo., 7. “The court must see that every prerequisite prescribed exists in any particular case before it grants the order of publication.” Bacon v. Johnson, 110 N. C.,. 114, 14 S. E., 508.
The statute in this State relating to the subject, O. S., 484, authorizes-, the court or judge to grant an order that service be made by publication where the defendant “is not a resident, but has property in this State,, and the court has jurisdiction of the subject of the action.” This is the-only provision made by the statute for substituted service upon a nonresident individual (except in actions for divorce). It does not appear in the instant case that either of the nonresident defendants has property in the State which has been brought within the jurisdiction of the courts, or to which plaintiff makes any claim. This action is simply “for a mandamus, mandatory injunction or other appropriate judgment . . . commanding the defendants ... to declare and pay out to the plaintiff and other stockholders of the Summit Yarn Company . . . the accumulated earned profits” of the company during 1942 — purely an action m personam to bring the defendants under the jurisdiction of the court to compel obedience to its mandates.
Being an action in personam the defendants could not be subjected to-the jurisdiction of the court by any form of. constructive service of process. Service of process upon a nonresident individual by publication is valid only in proceedings in rem or quasi in rem, and any judgments *497predicated thereupon can have no efficacy in personam. Stevens v. Cecil, 214 N. C., 217, 199 S. E., 161, and cases there cited.
A nonresident defendant not only must have property in the State but the subject of the suit must be within the jurisdiction, or under the control of the court by attachment, restraining order, or otherwise. Winfree v. Bagley, 102 N. C., 515, 9 S. E., 198; Sushin v. Trust Co., 213 N. C., 388, 196 S. E., 407.
“Jurisdiction in case of actions in personam can only be acquired by personal service of process within the territorial jurisdiction of the court, or by acceptance of service, or by a general appearance, actual or constructive, . . . this is strictly an action in personam. An injunction can only operate in personam; and unless jurisdiction of the party can be acquired, the attempted procedure is a nullity, and, on motion properly made, it should be dismissed; . . . and a judgment in personam against a citizen of a foreign state, in a cause wherein he did not appear, although notice was served on him by publication, is a nullity.” Hoke, J., in Warlick v. Reynolds, 151 N. C., 606, 66 S. E., 657.
“Process from the tribunals of one state cannot run into another state, and summon parties there domiciled to leave its territory and respond to proceedings against them. Publication of process or notice within the state where the tribunal sits cannot create any greater obligation upon the nonresident to appear. Process sent to him out of the state, and process published within it, are equally unavailing in proceedings to establish his personal liability.” Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S., 714, 24 L. Ed., 570.
The judgment of the Superior Court dismissing the action as to the nonresident defendants, Messrs. Armstrong and Johnston, is
Affirmed.
Denny, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.