Tbe appellant, Mrs. Whitehurst, assigns error in tbe ruling of tbe court below in tbe exclusion of portions of tbe testimony of defendant W. B. Coppersmith, Sr. By tbis witness it was sought to prove certain personal transactions and communications between him and tbe deceased Sarah E. Elliott. Upon objection tbis testimony was excluded by tbe court on tbe ground that it was rendered incompetent by C. S., 1795.
While tbis statute provides specifically that “a party or person interested in tbe event” shall not be examined as a witness in bis own behalf or interest, against tbe executor of a deceased person, concerning a personal transaction or communication with tbe deceased, it is urged that tbis witness, though a party to tbe action, was not interested in tbe event. Coppersmith admitted that be owed tbe notes, was able to pay them, and was indifferent to whom payment should be adjudged.
In tbe clear and comprehensive analysis of tbis statute by Justice Ciarle, in Bunn v. Todd, 107 N. C., 266, 11 S. E., 1043, parties and persons interested in tbe event of tbe action áre placed in separate classifications. Tbis was also tbe bolding in Wilson v. Featherstone, 122 N. C., 747, 30 S. E., 325, where tbis categorical expression appears: “Rankin is a party and incompetent”; and in Benedict v. J ones, 129 N. C., 475, 40 S. E., 223, it was said, “It is immaterial whether be was or not interested in tbe land mortgaged. He is a ‘party to tbe action’ and is excluded under tbe very terms of tbe section.” In Wilder v. Medlin, 215 N. C., 542, 2 S. E. (2d), 549, tbe Court used tbis language: “Tbe restriction upon tbe introduction of testimony in tbe trial of an action contained in C. S., 1795, refers by its express terms to a person who is a party to tbe action (Benedict v. Jones, 129 N. C., 475, 40 S. E., 223; Grier v. Cagle, 87 N. C., 377), or interested in tbe event, and prohibits bis examination as a witness in bis own behalf, against tbe administrator of a deceased person, concerning a personal transaction or communication between him and tbe deceased. Bunn v. Todd, 107 N. C., 266, 11 S. E., 1043; Bank v. Wysong & Miles Co., 177 N. C., 284, 98 S. E., 769.” In Johnson v. Cameron, 136 N. C., 243, 48 S. E., 640, tbe language is “Tbe Code, sec. 590 (C. S., 1795), disqualifies a party to an action, or one interested in tbe event thereof.” See also Ballard v. Ballard, 75 N. C., 190; Brown v. Adams, 174 N. C., 490, 93 S. E., 989.
However, in Allen v. Allen, 213 N. C., 264, 195 S. E., 801, where T. W. Allen and wife pooled their respective lands and by deeds divided them among their children, when an action arose between certain of tbe children, tbe testimony of J. N. Davis, tbe husband of one of tbe daughters, as to communications with T. W. Allen, deceased at time of trial, was held not incompetent under C. S., 1795. Said Barnhill, J., speaking for tbe Court, “A husband is not precluded from testifying in behalf of *576bis wife in a lawsuit in wbieb the provisions of said statute may be invoked. It may be noted, however, that this is not a suit between the estate of T. W. Allen and the wife of J. N. Davis.” J. N. Davis was a nominal party defendant in that ease.
In Coward v. Coward, 216 N. C., 506, 5 S. E. (2d), 537, "Wm. Coward and his wife entered into an agreement to pool their lands for division among their children. An action in relation thereto subsequently arose between the children. At that time the wife of Wm. Coward was dead, as was also one of the sons whose representatives were parties defendant. Wm. Coward was a party plaintiff. In an opinion by Schenck, J., the following language was used: “The assignments of error relating to the testimony of William Coward, one of the plaintiffs, to the effect that the said Wm. Coward and his wife, Mary Argent Coward, had entered into an agreement to pool their lands and divide them among their children upon the ground that Wm. Coward was ‘a party interested in the event’ and was being examined as a witness against the survivors of a deceased person in violation of C. S., 1795, are untenable, for the reason that it appears from the pleadings and from the evidence that the estate of Wm. Coward in the lands involved would be the same irrespective of which parties prevailed in this action, his interest being a life estate as tenant by the curtesy in any event. William Coward had no interest in the event, that is, he had no legal or pecuniary interest, such as is required by the statute, in the result of the litigation.”
It is not understood that the Court intended by the decision on the facts presented in the case last cited to establish the interpretation of the statute to the effect that a necessary party to the action would be rendered competent to testify to a personal transaction with the deceased if he was not interested in the event of action. The question whether a mere nominal party, who has no interest in the event of the action, is disqualified is not necessarily presented on the record in this case. It was contended with some force that W. B. Coppersmith, Sr., was not only a necessary party but that he had a direct pecuniary interest in the event of the action, and was thus testifying in his own behalf or interest. The purpose of the plaintiff’s action was to recover from him $2,500, and also the costs of the action, while the interplea of Mrs. Whitehurst prayed only that she be adjudged owner of the notes, and that she recover her costs. Furthermore, it appears that defendant Coppersmith retained counsel, actively defended the action, and sought to defeat plaintiff’s recovery. Hence, it was argued that under any construction of the statute he was rendered incompetent to testify to a personal transaction or communication with the deceased.
However, we find it unnecessary to determine the correctness of the ruling of the court below in sustaining the objection to the proffered *577testimony of W. B. Coppersmith, for we think the testimony which would have been given by this witness, if allowed, was insufficient to show a valid transfer of the title to the notes in question from Sarah E. Elliott to Mrs. Whitehurst, since there was no evidence of delivery of the notes, actual or constructive. Whether the transaction which constituted the basis of the appellant’s case be regarded as the assignment of a negotiable instrument (C. S., 3010), or a gift inter vivos, in order to vest the title to the notes in Mrs. Whitehurst it must have been completed by delivery, actual or constructive, and the burden was upon her to show this.
Mr. Coppersmith, in the absence of the jury, was examined as to the circumstances of the transaction and communications between him and the deceased. Upon this evidence alone Mrs. Whitehurst relied to make out her case. The pertinent portions of the excluded testimony tended to show that while the witness was on a visit to Sarah E. Elliott, in 1937, she asked him to assign the Coppersmith notes to Mrs. Whitehurst. “She wanted her to have those notes after her death. The only thing she wanted was the interest as long as she lived, and she wanted me to pay the notes to Mrs. Whitehurst.” Witness advised her the only way she could do that without making a will was to endorse the notes and make them payable to Mrs. Whitehurst. The notes were kept in an envelope in the possession of Sarah E. Elliott, and she went and got them and brought them to a little table in the room near the door. Not having a pen convenient, the witness wrote with pencil on each note, “Pay within note to Lydia Mae Whitehurst without recourse,” and Sarah E. Elliott signed the endorsement on each note and retained possession of the notes. That was 10 July, 1937. Mrs. Whitehurst was there, standing in the door. Witness further stated that he paid the interest on the notes afterwards; that he saw the notes some six or twelve months before her death (iri 1940) in possession of Sarah E. Elliott at her home, and the endorsements were still on them. Afterwards, he or his son paid the interest “in the office there,” and when witness saw them the endorsements had been erased, but the notes showed dimly the endorsements and date. Witness did not make the erasures and did not know who did. Sarah E. Elliott never said anything to him about it.
The testimony of this witness was offered as “defendants’ evidence,” and was the only evidence offered by defendants. After defendants rested plaintiff Cartwright testified that he was one of the executors of Sarah E. Elliott, and that he first came into possession of these notes in November, 1939; that Sarah E. Elliott had possession of them before they came into his possession; that at the time the notes came into his possession there were no endorsements on them, but he could see that there had been endorsements thereon which had been erased; that he *578did not erase tbe endorsements; that after the notes came into his possession he collected some interest from Mr. Coppersmith. Defendant Whitehurst moved to amend the prayer for relief in her pleading so as to ask for judgment against the makers of the notes for the amount thereof and for costs, but the record does not show that this motion was allowed.
The burden of proof was upon Mrs. Whitehurst to show not only the endorsement of the notes by Sarah E. Elliott, but also that the intention to give or assign them to her was completed by delivery, actual or constructive. In this we think she has failed, even if the entire evidence of Mr. Coppersmith had been admitted.
It is provided by C. S., 3010, that if a negotiable instrument is made payable to order (as were these notes) the transfer from one person to another is “by the endorsement of the holder, and completed by delivery.” To constitute delivery there must he a parting with the possession and with power and control over it by the maker or endorser for the benefit of the payee or endorsee. To constitute delivery it must be put out of possession of the endorser. Barnes v. Aycock, 219 N. C., 360, 13 S. E. (2d), 611. An actual delivery, however, is not essential, and a constructive delivery will be held sufficient if made with the intention of transferring the title, hut there must be some unequivocal act, more than the mere expression of an intention or desire.
The general rule is stated in 7 Am. Jur., p. 809, as follows: “While it is not indispensable that there should have been an actual manual transfer of the instrument from the maker to the payee, yet, to constitute a delivery, it must appear that the maker in some way evinced an intention to make it an enforceable obligation against himself, according to its terms, by surrendering control over it and intentionally placing it under the power of the payee or of some third person for his use.”
In Newman v. Bost, 122 N. C., 524, 29 S. E., 848, involving the validity of a gift, we find this application of the rule: “It being claimed and admitted that the life insurance policy was present in the bureau drawer in the room where it is claimed the gift was made, and being capable of actual manual delivery, we are of the opinion that the title to the insurance policy did not pass to the plaintiff, but remained the property of the intestate of the defendant.” An intention to give is not a gift. Without delivery the gift is but a promise t'o give, and being without consideration is not obligatory, and may be revoked at will. Adanns v. Hayes, 24 N. C., 361 (368).
The most recent case in which this subject has been considered by this Court is Bynum v. Bank, 221 N. C., 101, 19 S. E. (2d), 121, where, in a well considered opinion by Denny, J., it was held that the delivery to the donee of the keys to a lock box with the statement by the donor, “Everything in that box is yours,” was sufficient to go to the jury on the *579question of delivery of tbe eboses in action contained in tbe box. Tbe distinction between that case and tbe case at bar is apparent.
It is true tbe fact of retention of possession by tbe endorser is not always fatal to a claim of constructive delivery. It is said in 10 C. J. S., p. 513: “There may be a delivery notwithstanding tbe maker beeps tbe note in bis possession, where it is apparent that be intended to bold it for tbe benefit and as tbe agent of tbe payee.” Tbe same principle was stated by Justice Seawell in Everett v. Mortgage Co., 214 N. C., 778, 1 S. E. (2d), 109.
But here tbe proffered testimony falls short of coming within that principle. According to tbe evidence no word was ever spoken by Sarah E. Elliott to Mrs. Whitehurst. Tbe notes were retained in possession by tbe endorser, after signing tbe endorsement, without any declaration of agency or purpose other than that she wished tbe endorsee to have them after her death. Tbe notes continued in her exclusive possession until some two years later when they came into tbe possession of J. M. Cartwright for her, with tbe endorsements erased. There was no parting of control over them either to tbe endorsee or to any other person for her benefit. Tbe expressed intention did not contemplate a present transfer but a prospective donation. Tbe intention not having been completed by delivery, title did not vest in tbe endorsee.
Tbe defendant, Mrs. Whitehurst, noted exception to certain portions of tbe judge’s charge to tbe jury. While we see nothing in tbe instructions themselves that should be held for error or prejudicial to this defendant, in tbe view we take of tbe case this becomes immaterial, since there was no evidence of delivery of tbe notes to tbe defendant Whitehurst so as to transfer tbe title to tbe notes to her.
Tbe exceptions to tbe testimony of J. M. Cartwright cannot be sustained. There was nothing to render him incompetent to testify to facts' within bis personal knowledge. No self-serving or other declaration of tbe decedent was offered. Nor did this testimony open tbe door for tbe admission of tbe testimony of W. B. Coppersmith, as this was offered subsequent to tbe testimony of Coppersmith. Even if this could be held, under tbe rule in Walston v. Coppersmith, 197 N. C., 407, 149 S. E., 381, sufficient to let down tbe bars, Coppersmith’s testimony was not thereafter reoffered.
After careful consideration of tbe entire case, we reach tbe conclusion that tbe result below must be upheld.
No error.