The exceptions pertinent to this appeal all relate to the refusal of the court to permit the introduction of evidence tending to show that the automobile purchased by the plaintiff was a necessary for him in his work and to earn a livelihood, and to the refusal of the court to submit to the jury the following issue: “Was the automobile a necessary for the plaintiff to enable him to hold his position and earn a livelihood?”
The general rule, and one consistently followed by this Court, is that a minor may elect to disaffirm a contract, relative to the sale or purchase of personal property, other than one authorized by statute or for necessaries. Chandler v. Jones, 172 N. C., 569, 90 S. E., 580; Morris Plan Co. v. Palmer, 185 N. C., 109, 116 S. E., 261; Collins v. Norfleet-Baggs, 197 N. C., 659, 150 S. E., 177; Acceptance Corp. v. Edwards, 213 N. C., 736, 197 S. E., 613.
In the case of Chandler v. Jones, supra, the Court said, at p. 572: “The contract of an infant is voidable and not void, and it may be either ratified or disaffirmed, upon attaining majority, at the election of the infant. If the money is paid to an infant upon a contract, and it is consumed or wasted, the infant may recover the full amount due under the contract; but if the money is used for his benefit, and he has in hand property in which it has been invested, he cannot retain the property without allowing a just credit for the money paid to him; and if after becoming of age he continues to hold the property and uses it or disposes of it, this is evidence of a ratification. Caffey v. McMichael, 64 N. C., 508; Skinner v. Maxwell, 66 N. C., 48; MacGreal v. Taylor, 167 U. S., 688.”
The question as to what are necessaries often arises.
In Freeman v. Bridger, 49 N. C., 1, Pearson, J., speaking to the subject: Lord Coke says, Co. Lit., 172a, 'It is agreed by all the books, that *66ail infant may bind bimself to pay for his necessary meat, drink, apparel, physic and such other necessaries.’ These last words embrace boarding; for shelter is as necessary as food and clothing. They have also been extended so as to embrace schooling and nursing (as well as physic) while sick. In regard to the quality of the clothes and the kind of food, etc., a restriction is added, that it must appear that the articles were suitable to the infant’s degree and estate.” Cole v. Wagner, 197 N. C., 692, 150 S. E., 339.
In the case of Morris Plan Co. v. Palmer, supra, the Court, in considering the rights of an infant to disaffirm his contract relating to personal property, said at page 111: “This doctrine seems to be established. It is approved and maintained with practical unanimity, and while the infant’s right to disaffirm his contract may sometimes be exercised to the injury of the other party, the right nevertheless exists for the protection of the infant against his own improvidence, and may be exercised entirely in his discretion. 1 Elliott on Contracts, sec. 302; 3 Page on Contracts, sec. 1593; Dibble v. Jones, 58 N. C., 389.”
The evidence in the instant case tends to show that the ownership of an automobile was advantageous to the plaintiff and that he would not have been promoted without an automobile available for his use. Nevertheless it does not appear that an automobile was necessary for him to earn a livelihood. Hence we are of opinion and hold that an automobile is not among those necessaries for which a minor may be held liable.
In the judgment of the court below we find
No error.