Tbe question presented for our consideration is whether or not the court erred in granting defendant’s motion for judgment as of nonsuit. We think the evidence, when construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, is sufficient to carry the case to the jury.
“Competition in trade is entirely proper and universal and a person has a right by fair and honest methods to extend his business into the vicinity of another, no matter what the effect on the business of the other, and a competitor will not be enjoined from a course of business causing injury only such as might result from keen competition, and any loss or damage caused by the mere use of words or marks which are publici juris in their primary sense is damnum absque injuria for which no action lies.” 63 C. J., page 413, sec. 110.
It is often very difficult to draw a distinction between fair and unfair competition. “No inflexible rule can be laid down as to what conduct will constitute unfair competition. Each ease is, in a measure, a law unto itself. Unfair competition is a question of fact. . . . The universal test question is whether the public is likely to be deceived.” 63 C. J., p. 414, sec. 112. This same authority further states, in the following sections: 109, p. 413: “Although plaintiff has no exclusive right in the goods themselves, such as a patent or a copyright, he may nevertheless enjoin defendant from representing either expressly or by deceptive artifice that his different article is the same as plaintiff’s article.” Sec. 111, p. 413 : “It is immaterial, so far as plaintiff’s right to relief is concerned, that defendant’s goods are of equal or superior intrinsic merit as defendant has no right to make use of plaintiff’s good will and reputation, or of plaintiff’s advertising, to sell even a superior article, such conduct injuring plaintiff by depriving him of sales which he otherwise would have made.” Sec. 113, p. 462: “The sending of false and misleading circulars, which would take away another’s business by unfair means and deceive the public, will be enjoined. A person may freely advertise, where such is the fact, that his article possesses all the qualities of one made by a prior manufacturer, without being guilty of unfair competition.”
It will be noted that in order to escape liability for unfair competition, statements made for the purpose of inducing a competitor’s customers to purchase the advertiser’s products by making the express statement that his products possess all the qualities of the products of another, the statement must be true, or the injured party will be entitled to relief.
In the case of Vortex Mfg. Co. v. Ply-Rite Contracting Co., 33 Fed. (2d), 302, the Court held that while the defendant was infringing a patent, that the use of the trade name “Ply-Rite” by defendant was not *273an infringement of plaintiff’s trade-mark “Par-Lock,” but that the manner in which defendant used these names was unfair competition. The Court said: “In support of its contention that defendants’ practices have been unfair, plaintiff showed instances of defendants having gone to the contractor on a particular piece of work after the architect had specified ‘Par-Lock,’ and having arranged to have Ply-Rite substituted; or having gone to the very* customers of the plaintiff and underbid the plaintiff on the particular job, with the result that plaintiff was compelled to reduce its price in order to obtain the contract; and of claiming orally and in writing that their material was fully equal to Par-Lock. There is, however, no proof that in any of these alleged instances did defendant actually attempt to palm off their product as that of the plaintiff, or did they ever induce the actual breach of a contract. However, these are only two of the various practices that are actionable as unfair competition. Today the law of unfair competition is plastic. The test is simple, and lies in the answer to the question: Has the plaintiff’s legitimate business been damaged through acts of the defendants which a court of equity would consider unfair? The court feels that the evidence requires an affirmative answer to this question. Through the peculiarly intimate knowledge which defendants had acquired of plaintiff’s process, they were able to make serious inroads upon plaintiff’s business, and the manner in which they did it was not without its element of unfairness. Intent is a vital element in questions of. this kind. Defendants knew that they used a cheaper grade of asphalt in their bond material than did plaintiff. By reason of this fact defendants could, and had a legal right to, quote a cheaper price, but they did not have a right in so doing to state, as they did, that their material and process was fully equal to that of Par-Lock, whose process they were in the act of infringing.”
In the case of Anheuser-Busch v. Budweiser Malt Products Corp., 287 Fed., p. 243, the Court said: “The fundamental question in cases of trade-mark or unfair competition — and ‘in fact the common law of trademarks is but a part of the broader law of unfair competition’ (Hanover Milling Co. v. Metcalf, supra—240 U. S., 403)—is whether the public is being misled and deceived so that a defendant is in effect taking the advantage of the good will and business reputation that a complainant has built up through service or advertising or in any manner regarded as lawful and proper.”
In the case of Krueger v. Lundeen et als., 211 Ill. App., 320, defendants, former employees in the dental office of plaintiff for several years, opened up a dental office of their own across the street from their former employer, and contacted patients of their former employer and made representations to influence them to visit defendants and have their future dental work done by them. The Court said: “They were entitled to make every legitimate effort to further their own welfare and increase *274their professional success and profit. Of course, in such a case as this, it is not the motive of the appellants that is important, as ‘a wrongful motive cannot convert a legal act into an illegal one.’ Nims on Unfair Competition, etc., p. 333. It is conduct which unfairly deprives another of that which belongs to him that is condemned and which gives the Court jurisdiction and justifies the injunction. The law does not allow ex-employees to make representations concerning and give out information about their former employer’s business for the double purpose, first, of seducing patients from going back to the place of business of their former employer, and, second, of obtaining their former employer’s customers and pecuniarily profiting thereby.”
Unfair competition is not confined to the palming off by one competitor of his goods as the goods of another. The same wrongful result may be brought about by other means or practices. International News Service v. Associated Press, 63 U. S., L. Ed., 211, 300 Fed., 509. “Unfair competition in trade is not confined to the imitation of a trade-mark, but takes as many forms as the ingenuity of man can devise.” Benj. T. Crump Co. v. J. L. Lindsay, Inc., 130 Va., 144, 107 S. E., 679.
We do not wish to discuss the evidence in this case in detail. However, the defendant in his various letters to plaintiff’s customers did state, “We will manufacture identically the same products under our own trade names,” and then proceeded to list the name and price of plaintiff’s goods along with his own goods and quoted a lower price. If the goods were not identical, the method pursued by the defendant constitutes unfair competition. The determination of that question is one for the jury.
Likewise, the jury may consider the evidence and determine whether or not the defendant made use of the plaintiff’s good will and reputation, or of plaintiff’s trade names, to sell an identical or even a superior product, thereby injuring plaintiff by depriving it of sales which it otherwise would have made.
The judgment of the court below is
Reversed.