This is an action to recover damages resulting from personal injuries alleged to have been negligently inflicted in an automobile collision in the city of Raleigh.
Yerdict was rendered to the effect that the plaintiff was injured by the negligence of the defendant Jack Booker and damages were assessed. The second issue, “Was the plaintiff injured by the negligence of the defendant H. C. Booker, as alleged in the complaint,” was answered in the negative. From judgment that the plaintiff recover the amount assessed of the defendant Jack Booker, and recover nothing of the defendant H. C. Booker, the plaintiff appealed, assigning errors.
In this action as it relates to the defendant H. C. Booker the plaintiff sought to invoke the family purpose car doctrine, and the assignments of error chiefly relied upon are to the charge relative to a single question presented in the application of this doctrine, namely, may the owner of an automobile, maintained and used as a family car and driven by his minor children who lived with him, for their convenience and pleasure, limit the use of such car to given localities, or prohibit its use in a certain locality, and thereby defeat liability for injuries negligently inflicted by his minor son while driving the automobile in the prohibited locality ?
The family purpose car doctrine is clearly stated by Hoke, J., in Robertson v. Aldridge, 185 N. C., 292, in these words: “True, it is the recognized principle that a parent is not ordinarily responsible for the torts of a minor child, solely by reason of the relationship, and that generally liability will only be imputed on some principle of agency or employment. Brittingham v. Stadiem, 151 N. C., 299. Accordingly, it has been directly held with us in case of injury caused by negligent use of automobiles that no recovery can be sustained when it is made to appear that the machine was being operated by the minor at the time for his own convenience or pleasure, contrary to the parent’s orders or without authority from the parent, either express or implied, Linville v. Nissen, 162 N. C., 96; Bilyeu v. Beck, 178 N. C., 481. But it is also held in our opinions by the great weight of authority that where a parent owns a car for the convenience and pleasure of the family, a minor child who is a member of the family, though using the car at the time for his own purposes with the parent’s consent and approval, will be regarded as *481representing tbe parent in sucb use, and tbe question of liability for negligent injury may be considered and determined in that aspect. Clark v. Sweaney, 176 N. C., 529; S. c., 175 N. C., 280; Griffin v. Russell, 144 Ga., 275; Hutchins v. Haffner, 63 Col., 365; Stowe v. Morris, 147 Ky., 386; McNeal v. McKain, 33 Okla., 449; Birch v. Abercrombie, 74 Washington, 486.”
In tbe case at bar tbe defendant H. 0. Booker admitted tbat be was tbe owner of tbe automobile and tbat it was used and driven by tbe members of bis family, including bis son Jack, witb bis consent for tbeir convenience and pleasure, but testified tbat while at tbe time of tbe collision under consideration bis son bad bis permission and consent to drive tbe automobile, be was expressly forbidden by him to drive it in tbe city of Raleigh. This testimony was corroborated by other evidence.
Tbe court charged tbe jury: “I charge you further, if you are satisfied upon tbe evidence that Jack Booker took tbat car from bis father under an express and specific instruction tbat be could not drive it to Raleigh and thereafter be did drive it to Raleigh in violation of tbat instruction then be could not have been operating within tbe family purpose doctrine and it would be your duty to answer tbe (second) issue No.’” This instruction together witb other instructions of similar import are made tbe bases of exceptive assignments of error.
It will be noted tbat tbe very genesis of tbe family purpose car doctrine is agency, and tbat tbe question here presented is governed by tbe rules of principal and agent and of master and servant.
It was held by this Court in Linville v. Nissen, 162 N. C., 96, tbat a parent is not liable for torts of bis minor son done without bis knowledge and consent; and where under such circumstances tbe son has taken an automobile owned by bis father, and by bis negligent or reckless driving has caused damages, tbe father is not responsible therefor by reason of tbe relationship; and to make him so it must appear tbat tbe son was in some way acting in a representative capacity, such as would make tbe master responsible for tbe servant’s tort.
It would seem to logically follow tbat if tbe lack of consent of the father to tbe son to operate tbe car at all would defeat liability of tbe father for tbe torts of tbe son in driving tbe car anywhere, tbat tbe lack of such consent, or tbe prohibition, to drive tbe car in a certain locality would defeat liability for torts committed in tbe prohibited locality. In Watts v. Lefler, 190 N. C., 722, Clarkson, J., says: “The father — tbe owner of the automobile and tbe bead of tbe family- — has tbe authority to say by whom, when and where bis automobile shall be driven, or be can forbid tbe use altogether.”
We have held tbat where there is a substantial deviation by tbe driver from tbe purpose for which authority to operate an automobile is given, *482the liability of the owner of the automobile for the torts of the driver committed during such deviation is defeated. In speaking to this principle as it applies to the relationship of master and servant, which is but a species of agency, Winborne, J., in Parrott v. Kantor, 216 N. C., 584, says: “With respect to departure from employment,-without consent of owner, The general rule is that a servant in charge of his master’s automobile, who, though originally bound upon a mission for his master, completely forsakes his employment and goes upon an errand exclusively his own, and while so engaged commits a tort, does not thereby render the master answerable for such tort under the rule of respondeat superior’ 5 Blashfield’s Cyc. of Automobile Law & Practice, section 3029. . . . The trend of judicial decision, however, is that the departure commences when the servant definitely deviates from the course or place where in the performance of his duty he should be. While there is conflict of authority on the subject, better reason supports the view that after a servant has deviated from his employment for purposes of his own, the relation of master and servant is not restored until he returns to the path of duty, where the deviation occurred, or to some place where in the performance of his duty he should be.”
We conclude, therefore, that H. C. Booker, as owner of the car and principal, had the legal right to prohibit his son Jack, as driver and agent, to operate his car in the city of Raleigh, and that the driving of, his car in a locality so prohibited would be a deviation from the authority conferred and beyond the scope of his agency; and that torts committed by the driver while operating the car in a locality in disobedience of instructions from the owner would not be imputed to the owner. Concluding as we do, it follows that the assignments of error relating to this phase of the case cannot be sustained.
The other exceptive assignment of error assails the statement of his Honor in his charge that the defendant “frankly stated on the witness chair that he was the owner of the car being operated that evening by Jack Booker and that it was a family purpose car, etc.,” as being an expression of opinion by the court in violation of O. S., 564. However this may be, the facts referred to were alleged and sought to be proven by the plaintiff, and if the statute was violated the error was in favor of the appellant, and therefore harmless. The assignment cannot be sustained.
On the record we can find
No error.