After tbis cause was remanded for a new trial on tbe former appeal, on motion of plaintiffs, Olaude Y. Jones, Trustee, Mrs. E. Frank Lee, Guardian, and Victor S. Bryant, Trustee for Elsie Lois *725Lee, were made additional parties defendant and tbe complaint was amended accordingly. Immediately after tbe impaneling of tbe jury tbe defendants stipulated in open court tbat tbe additional parties defendant claim no right or interest in tbe real estate involved in tbis controversy superior to tbe rights of Mrs. E. Frank Lee and tbat such rights as they may have are subject and subordinate to tbe terms, provisions, and conditions of any contract which may be finally established in tbis action between tbe plaintiffs and tbe defendant Mrs. E. Frank Lee, individually. Thus, it appears that Mrs. E. Frank Lee is tbe only real defendant party in interest on tbis appeal.
Tbe plaintiffs admit tbat they executed and delivered to tbe defendant a paper writing which is a deed absolute.in form and tbat contemporaneously therewith, and as a part of tbe same transaction, they received from tbe defendant a paper writing in which tbe defendant bound herself, under tbe conditions therein stipulated, to reconvey tbe property to tbe plaintiffs on or before 2 December, 1934. Is parol proof of tbe facts and circumstances surrounding tbe transaction, tending to show tbe real intent of tbe parties, and tbat tbe relationship of debtor and creditor existed, competent for tbe purpose of showing tbat tbe two instruments construed together constitute a mortgage? Tbis is the one question presented.
“Tbe principle tbat equity looks beneath tbe external form in determining questions connected with mortgage has frequently been applied to a particular mode of dealing with real property. Where land is conveyed by an absolute deed, and an instrument is given back as a part of tbe same transaction, not containing tbe condition ordinarily inserted in mortgages, but being an agreement tbat tbe grantee will reconvey tbe premises if tbe grantor shall pay a certain sum of money at or before a specified time, tbe two taken together may be what on their face they purport to be — a mere sale with a contract of repurchase, or they may constitute a mortgage. In tbe first case, where tbe transaction is merely a sale and a contract of repurchase, tbe agreement must be fulfilled according to its terms. ... In tbe second case, if tbe transaction be a mortgage, all tbe qualities and incidents of a mortgage attach, whatever be its external form, and whatever be tbe collateral stipulations, tbe maxim, once a mortgage, always a mortgage, applies to tbis condition of fact with a special emphasis.” Sec. 1194, 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., 4th Ed. “Whether any particular transaction does thus amount to a mortgage or to a sale with a contract to repurchase must, to a large extent, depend upon its own special circumstances; for tbe question finally turns, in all cases, upon the real intention of tbe parties as shown upon tbe face of tbe writings, or as disclosed by extrinsic evidence. A general criterion, however, has been established by an *726overwhelming concensus of authorities, which furnishes a sufficient test in the great majority of cases; and whenever the application of this test still leaves a doubt, the American courts, from obvious motives of policy, have generally leaned in favor of the mortgage. This criterion is the continued existence of a debt or liability between the parties, so that the conveyance is in reality intended as a security for the debt or indemnity against the liability. If there is an indebtedness or liability between the parties, either a debt existing prior to the conveyance, or a debt arising from a loan made at the time of the conveyance, or from any other cause, and this debt is still left subsistent, not being discharged or satisfied by the conveyance, but the grantor is regarded as still owing and bound to pay at some future time, so that the payment stipulated for in the agreement to reconvey is in reality the payment of this existing debt, then the whole transaction amounts to a mortgage, whatever language the parties may have used, and whatever stipulation they may have inserted in the instruments. . . . The writings may show on their face that the relation of debtor and creditor still continues, and that its existence and consequences are contemplated by the parties; or they may entirely fail to show any such fact, and may consist simply of an absolute conveyance and of a naked agreement to re-convey. ... In the latter case extrinsic parol evidence is always admissible to show the real situation of the parties, the existence of a debt, their intention to secure payment of that debt, and the actual character of the instruments as constituting a mortgage.” Sec. 1195, 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., 4th Ed.
“From the controlling principle that a conveyance is a mortgage irrespective of its form, if designed to secure the performance of an obligation, it results that a deed, though absolute in form and unqualified by any accompanying agreement for a reconveyance of the property or a defeasance, must be construed to be a mortgage subject to redemption where it is made manifest from a consideration of all surrounding facts and circumstances that the parties thereto intended the conveyance to operate by way of security and in no other mode.” 19 R. C. L., sec. 29, page 261. (This doctrine has been adopted with limitations by this Court.) “Since an instrument, irrespective of its form, is a mortgage if intended as security, it follows that a deed with a provision for a reconveyance or a defeasance of the estate on the performance of certain conditions, whether the provision is made in the deed itself or in an accompanying instrument, is a mortgage if intended to secure the performance of the conditions stipulated, even though it is in form a conditional sale or conveyance of some other character. In this connection it is important to note that the deed and the provision for reconveyance do not of themselves constitute a mortgage although *727the rule is sometimes loosely so stated. On the contrary, it is absolutely essential that at the inception of the transaction the deed he intended to operate by way of security.” 19 R. 0. L., sec. 34, page 265.
“Very frequently no expressions are used in either the deed proper or the stipulation for reconveyance which indicate either that the transaction was intended to operate as a mortgage or that the relationship of debtor and creditor existed between the parties after the conveyance.” In such instances, “According to one view the transaction is presumed as a matter of law to be a mortgage. . . . Elsewhere, however, the transaction is presumed as a matter of fact to be a mortgage, evidence being admissible to rebut that presumption. In other jurisdictions the transaction is regarded prima facie as what it purports to be, a conditional sale, this view having the support of the weight of authority.” 19 R. C. L., sec. 31, page 267.
“Regardless of the view that they may entertain as to the presumptive character of a deed with a stipulation for reconveyance, or as to the standard of proof necessary to establish the instrument or instruments to constitute a mortgage, the authorities are agreed that where the evidence leaves the state of the transaction in doubt, a court will hold a deed with a provision for reconveyance to be a mortgage rather than a conditional sale. This rule is based on the consideration that, generally speaking, the purpose of justice will be more effectually subserved if the transaction is declared to be a mortgage than if it is held to be a conditional sale, for as lenders of money are less under the pressure of circumstances which control the perfect and free exercise of the judgment than borrowers, the effort is frequently made by them to avail themselves of the advantage of their superiority, in order to obtain inequitable advantages.” 19 R. C. L., sec. 39, page 269.
“When the grantor in an absolute deed at the same time takes back from the grantee a written contract giving the former a certain length of time in which to redeem the premises by paying the amount of the debt, or the consideration for the deed, and binding the latter to re-convey on such redemption, the two papers together constitute a mortgage. And the effect of the transaction is not altered by the fact that the contract specifically limits the time for redemption, and makes the time an essential element in the right to redeem. But if the contract leaves it entirely optional with the grantor to redeem or not, and does not bind him to effect a redemption according to the agreement, it is rather to be held a conditional sale than a mortgage.” 41 0. J., sec. 81 (3), page 321.
The foregoing textbook statements of the law are supported by a wealth of authority cited in the texts. Likewise, a full monograph on the whole subject may be found in L. R. A., 1916B, page 27, Et. Seq. *728The decisions of the various American courts are there gathered and cited. On the particular questions here presented citations may be found on pp. 126-135, pp. 213-236, and pp. 240-243. Likewise, a citation and summary of the later decisions may be found in the annotations in 79 A. L. E., page 937.
In Conway v. Alexander, 3 U. S. Law Ed., 321, the leading case on the subject of the distinction between mortgages and conditional sales, the Court laid down the rule followed since then in most of the states, that the intention of the parties governed as to whether they were entering into an absolute sale with a right of repurchase in the grantor, or whether the conveyance was given as a security. It was further held that, in order for the transaction to be a mortgage, there must be a debt continuing to exist in favor of the grantee subsequent to the conveyance. Marshall, C. J., there made the following oft-quoted statement: “To deny the power of two individuals, capable of acting for themselves, to make a contract for the purchase and sale of lands defeasible by the payment of money at a future day, or, in other words, to make a sale with a reservation to the vendor of a right to repurchase the same land at a fixed price and at a specified time, would be to transfer to the court of chancery, in a considerable degree, the guardianship of adults as well as of infants. Such contracts are certainly not prohibited either by the letter or the policy of the law. But the policy of the law does prohibit the conversion of a real mortgage into a sale. And as lenders of money are less under the pressure of circumstances which control the perfect and free exercise of the judgment than borrowers, the effort is frequently made by persons of this description to avail themselves of the advantage of this superiority, in order to obtain inequitable advantages. For this reason the leaning of courts has been against them, and doubtful cases have generally been decided to be mortgages, but as a conditional sale, if really intended, is valid, the inquiry in every case must be, whether the contract in the specific case is a security for the repayment of money or an actual sale.”
Parks v. Mulledy, 79 A. L. R., 934, is a case in which there was a deed absolute with a contract to reconvey. It is there said: “The intention of the parties at the time an agreement to execute a deed is consummated is determinative of whether the title is irrevocably transferred, or the conveyance is merely a security for the payment of a debt or the performance of an obligation.” Clinton v. Utah Construction Co., 40 Idaho 659, 237 Pac., 427. In Hoover v. Bouffleur, 133 Pac., 602 (Wash.), the plaintiff, being in need of a loan of money with which to pay installments due on a mortgage, applied to the defendant for the necessary accommodation. The defendant refused to make the loan on the security of the mortgaged property, but offered to buy it *729for the amount of the proposed loan ($250.00) and to give the plaintiff an option to repurchase within three months for $325.00. Thereupon, the plaintiff conveyed the property to the defendant by a deed absolute, and took back an option as agreed. The transaction was held to constitute a mortgage, in view of the fact the amount advanced was grossly inadequate consideration for an absolute conveyance, notwithstanding the previous refusal of the defendant to make a loan. Sherrer v. Harris, 13 S. W., 730 (Ark.), is to the same effect.
The real character of the transaction and the true intention of the parties may be inquired into, and shall govern, notwithstanding they may have adopted the form of an absolute conveyance and bond for resale. And if such transaction was really a loan, and these instruments were executed to secure it, it is a mortgage; and once a mortgage it so continues. Bishop v. Williams, 18 Ill., 105; Sears v. Dixon, 33 Cal., 326.
The rule regards the circumstance of the parties and executes their real intention, -and prevents either of the parties to the instrument committing a fraud on the other by claiming it as an absolute conveyance, notwithstanding it was given and accepted as security. In other words, the real transaction is permitted to be proved. Cabrera v. American Colonial Bank, 214 U. S., 224, 53 L. Ed., 974. The real intention of the parties controls.
In North Carolina we have decisions to like effect. In Streator v. Jones, 10 N. C., 423, the plaintiff was seeking to show that a deed absolute was executed and delivered as security for a loan. In holding that parol evidence was competent, it is there said: “Can it be said that the deed embraces the whole contract or can it be said that the deed contradicts that part of the contract which provided for redemption? It has never been considered that a defeasance and an absolute conveyance will not stand together. It seems to me that in such case the execution of the deed is a part execution only of the contract, and that the residue of the contract remains executory.”
Poindexter v. McCannon, 16 N. C., 373, is a case in which a bill of sale was executed for a slave. There was an indorsement on the bill of sale providing that if the plaintiff paid the defendant $400.00 within twelve months of the date the bill of sale should be void. Ruffin, J., speaking for the Court, said: “A mortgage and a conditional sale are nearly allied to each other, and it is frequently difficult to say whether a particular transaction is the one or the other. The difference between them is that the former is a security for a debt and the latter is a purchase for a price paid, or to be paid, to become absolute on a particular event, or a purchase, accompanied by an agreement to resell upon particular terms. It is the latter kind that runs so nearly into a mort*730gage; for as needy and distressed men are those who are commonly drawn into such contracts, and the very anxiety to get tbeir estates again, which produces a stipulation to that effect, denotes either that it was favorite property, which the party did not intend to part from conclusively, or that the price was so inadequate as to make it material, in point of interest, that they should have the power to reclaim. Courts lean towards considering them mortgages. But there is no rule of law that a sale shall not be made conditionally. In each case the only difficulty is to ascertain the character of the transaction. When it is once determined to be a mortgage, all the consequences of account, redemption, and the like, follow, notwithstanding any stipulation to the contrary; for the power of redemption is not lost by any hard conditions, nor shall it be fettered to any point of time not according to the course of the Court.” Referring to the particular contract under consideration it is further said: “It is, however, susceptible of variation by the acts of the parties, and the circumstances attending the transaction, which show it to be the one or the other. I do not mean that it can be contradicted by the testimony of witnesses to show either that the bargain was different from that expressed or that it was meant to be, unless there be fraud. But I mean that the parties’ acts and their dealings are material to show the intent.”
Gillis v. Martin, 17 N. C., 470, is a ease in which there was a deed absolute and a memorandum from the grantee whereby he stipulated that if the land was sold within two years he would refund to the bargainor the excess received over the purchase money and interest, together with the costs of repairs. Ruffin, C. J., says: “The character of the conveyance is to be determined by the intention of the parties, and if that, however ascertained, was that it should operate as a security, the Court so regards it, and the debtor will be entitled to redeem.” Parol evidence was permitted to show the intent and to establish the instruments as a mortgage. See also Howlett v. Thompson, 36 N. C., 369, in which it was held that evidence of the great disproportion between the value of the land and the sum paid for it is strong evidence that the deed was given as security merely. Blackwell v. Overby, 41 N. C., 38, is to like effect. Mason v. Hearne, 45 N. C., 88, involved a deed absolute and a memorandum from the grantee in which he bound himself to reconvey if the grantor repaid the purchase money by a day certain. It was held that the instruments disclosed an intent that they should operate as a mortgage. In Steele v. Black, 56 N. C., 427, there was a deed absolute and the grantee admitted that she had agreed to execute a bond to reconvey if the money was repaid. The syllabus, which correctly digests the case, is as follows: “The fact that the bargainor in an absolute deed remained in possession of the land con*731veyed for more tban a year after the sale, using it as his own, is dehors the declarations of the defendant and is inconsistent with the idea of a purchase; and if, in addition, it be proved that the seller was hard pressed for money, that the money advanced was not more than half the value of the premises, and that the defendant agreed to execute a bond to reconvey and refused to do it, a sufficient case is made out to entitle the plaintiff to a .reconveyance on the payment of the sum advanced with interest.” It is said: “The pretext set up by the answer, that the plaintiff was willing to sell his land absolutely at half price to avoid the exposure of a public sale, after it had been levied on and advertised, is too flimsy to be entitled to notice.” In Robinson v. Willoughby, 65 N. C., 520, it is held that to determine whether a transaction is a mortgage or a defeasible purchase, it will be regarded as the former, if at the time of the supposed sale the vendor is indebted to the vendee, and continues to be such, with a right to reconveyance upon the payment of such indebtedness.
In Waters v. Crabtree, 105 N. C., 394, it is held that a deed, absolute upon its face, may be treated as a mortgage, when it was agreed, at the time of its execution, that such would be its purpose. It was further held, however, that there was not sufficient evidence of the contemporaneous agreement.
Watkins v. Williams, 123 N. C., 170, involved a deed absolute and a contract to reconvey. There was evidence that the plaintiff solicited the defendant to take up a mortgage on land and hold it. The defendant objected to having the mortgage transferred to him, and suggested a deed to him. This was agreed to. The deed was executed and the defendant contemporaneously executed a contract to reconvey. Parol evidence was admitted to show the intent, and in discussing the case the Court said: “-Since Streator v. Jones, 10 N. C., 423, two principles have been established and uniformly followed, when bills are preferred to convert a deed absolute on its face into a mortgage or security for debt: (1) It must appear that the clause of redemption was omitted through ignorance, mistake, fraud, or undue advantage; (2) The intention must be established, not by simple declaration of the parties, but by proof of facts and circumstances dehors the deed inconsistent with the idea of an absolute purchase; otherwise, the solemnity of deeds would always be exposed to the ‘slippery memory of witnesses.’ Kelly v. Bryan, 41 N. C., 283.
“The plaintiff makes no attempt to shelter himself under the first proposition, but he insists, and we think has shown that he is protected by the second proposition.
“Again, where, upon the face of a transaction it is doubtful whether the parties intended to make a mortgage or a conditional sale, courts *732of equity are inclined to consider it a mortgage, because, by means of conditional sales, oppression is frequently exercised over the needy. Poindexter v. McCannon, 16 N. C., 377; 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., sec. 1195.
“The oral evidence not only sustains the writings, but shows the facts, understanding and circumstances, so fully that our conclusion seems to be irresistible.”
The Court, in Porter v. White, 128 N. C., 42, cites Watkins v. Williams, supra; Robinson v. Willoughby, supra, and the above noted cases with approval. See also Sandlin v. Kearney, 154 N. C., 596. In Perry v. Surety Company, 190 N. C., 284, the foregoing and many other cases are cited with approval, and it holds that a deed absolute on its face, construed together with a contract to save the defendant harmless on account of any default of plaintiff for whom the defendant was surety, constituted a mortgage.
Thus, it appears that parol evidence is competent, not for the purpose of contradicting the deed, hut to show the consideration of the deed and to establish the whole contract, and show that the agreement to reconvey'is in fact a defeasance clause separate and apart from the deed. After all, the real question is: What was the consideration for the deed? This may be shown by parol, especially when it is not set out in the instrument, as here. If, in fact, it was a sum advanced as a loan to be repaid with interest and usury as contended by plaintiff, no principle of equity or good morals would permit the defendant now to insist upon the strict letter of the “bond” and claim the land free of any right of redemption.
The borrower is servant to the lender. Prov., 22-7. Creditors are sometimes diligent to discover means and methods to circumvent the safeguards the law provides to protect the debtor against oppression. Courts of equity, therefore, will carefully examine any transaction between debtor and creditor, where there is a possibility of oppression, to the end that justice may be done to him whose circumstances of need place him in a position to be imposed upon by an unscrupulous creditor. A Shyloclc can no longer demand his pound of flesh.
Pennsylvania courts hold that all such transactions are mortgages. Other courts hold that if the transaction originated in an application for a loan it presents such an opportunity for oppression that this fact alone will give the instruments the quality of a mortgage. We are content to hold that when it does not affirmatively appear on the face of the instruments that they were intended as security, and such fact cannot fairly be inferred therefrom, the actual intent of the parties at the time is the controlling criterion in determining the true nature and effect of the instruments; and that, in establishing this intent, the *733debtor bas the right to prove by evidence cbehors the instruments that the transaction was in fact between debtor and creditor for the security of a loan.
If there was a debt, either antecedent or presently created, the instrument must be construed to constitute a mortgage, unless a contrary intent clearly appears upon the face of the instruments. If this fact does not appear, then the continued possession of the property by the grantor; the inadequacy of the consideration; that the negotiations originated out of an application for a loan; the circumstances surrounding the transaction; and the conduct of the parties before, at, and after the time of the execution of the instruments are some of the circumstances to be considered.
But the contention is here made that there is no reciprocal obligation resting on the grantors to redeem; that it is entirely optional with them as to whether they shall exercise the right to repurchase within the time stipulated; that it does not appear upon the face of the papers that there is any personal obligation on the part of the grantors to pay the amount of the alleged loan and interest. This is not essential. Evidence of the indebtedness is not required to be in writing. It may be proven by parol. Furthermore, such obligation’would only enable the mortgagee to look to the mortgagor for any deficiency remaining after the application of the proceeds of sale of the premises to the payment of the sum secured. In the cases where the question has arisen whether the transaction was one of purchase or of security and the instruments disclosed a debt in the amount of the alleged purchase price and no other sum is paid it has been held that this fact determines conclusively the character of the transaction as a mortgage. Horne v. Keteltas, 46 N. Y., 605; Hickos v. Lowe, 10 Cal., 197; Brant v. Robertson, 16 Mo., 129. See also numerous authorities cited in notes on pages 392-394, L. R. A., 1916B.
There may be no independent evidence of the debt — no bond, bill, or note taken for its payment: It may rest wholely on implication from the nature, facts, and circumstances of the transaction; it is sufficient that its evidence is the fair, just implication. . . . Indeed, when the purpose of the creditor is to avoid the appearance of a mortgage (as here alleged), it is not to be expected that he would defeat it by the introduction of an express covenant for the payment of the money or any other independent security disclosing its existence. Mobile Bldg. & Loan Assn. v. Robertson, 65 Ala., 388.
Without regard to what is here said it was the duty of the court below to submit the cause to a jury. It was so determined on the former appeal. The law as there declared in this respect is the law of this case. It was then said by Connor, J., speaking for the Court: “It *734does not appear on the face of the pleadings in this action that the relation of creditor and debtors existed between the defendant and the plaintiffs at the date of the delivery of the deed executed by the plaintiffs, conveying the land described in the complaint to the defendant, and of the contract executed by the defendant by which she agreed, at the option of the plaintiffs, to reconvey to them the said land, upon their payment to her of certain sums of money, in accordance with the terms and provisions of said contract, nor does it so appear on the face of the deed and contract, which are by reference made a part of the pleadings, and which for the purposes of this action must be construed as if they were one instrument. The allegation to that effect in the complaint is denied in the answer. An issue of fact is thus raised on the pleadings for the jury.”
The judgment below is
' Reversed.