The first question for decision is whether plaintiff’s intestate at the time of his injury and death was an employee of Forsyth County, engaged in compensable work within the meaning of the Workmen’s Compensation Act.
The pertinent findings of the hearing Commissioner, which were later approved by the Full Commission, follow:
“It is argued that by virtue of said ch. 451, Public-Local Laws of 1929, the deputies sheriff of Forsyth County are 'fully subject to the county commissioners.’ We cannot so find. It is true that the county commissioners are authorized in their discretion to place the deputies sheriff on a salary basis and that contemporaneously with such action said chapter clothes the commissioners with the power to appoint and to discharge deputies sheriff. The evidence is that the deceased was appointed by the sheriff, that he worked on a fee basis, and there is no evidence that the county commissioners exercised any control over him. We find as a fact that the county commissioners never placed the deceased upon a salary basis and that he was not subject to discharge by them. For the reasons stated it is further found as a fact that the deceased was not an employee of Forsyth County.”
*561Upon a review of the ease the Full Commission concluded:
“We also agree with the conclusions of law of Commissioner Wilson in which he decides that Forsyth County and the insurance carrier, Maryland Casualty Company, are not liable for compensation in this case.
“The special act refers to Forsyth County, ch. 451, Public-Local Laws of 1929, relates entirely to deputies sheriff who are placed on a full time salary basis. As to these deputies the county is authorized and empowered to employ and to discharge them. It is true that in section 6 of the act the commissioners are authorized and empowered in their discretion to discharge any deputy sheriff of the county at any time without prior notice. It is our opinion that this section, construed with the act as a whole, would be limited to those deputies who were placed by the commissioners on a full time salary basis. This is the main subject matter of the act and of which it deals in details, in other sections thereof.”
The foregoing is correct, as the legislation in question deals only with salaried deputies, and makes no reference to fee deputies: Indeed, the title of the act, which may be called in aid of construction (Freight Discrimination Gases, 95 N. C., 434), is indicative of its purpose: “An act authorizing .the placing of all deputies sheriff in Forsyth County on a salary basis.” Those not placed upon a salary basis remain fee deputies, unaffected by the statute. This act, then, may be put aside as inapplicable. It has no bearing upon the case. The deceased did not come within its terms any more than other fee deputies appointed by the sheriff. It was not intended to cover such deputies. The commissioners exercise no control or supervision over fee deputies. This belongs exclusively to the sheriff. Nor was it intended by sec. 6 of the local act in question to confer authority upon the commissioners in their discretion to discharge such deputies. They are appointed by and act for the sheriff, who alone is responsible for their conduct. They have no official connection with the county except through the sheriff.
It is conceded that the deceased was not an employee of the county within the meaning of the Workmen’s Compensation Act, unless made so by this special legislation. Saunders v. Allen, 208 N. C., 189, 179 S. E., 745.
In a well considered opinion in Board of Supervisors v. Lucas, 142 Va., 84, it was held (as stated in the 7th headnote, which accurately digests the opinion) : “A deputy sheriff or special officer appointed by a sheriff fails to come within the purview of the Workmen’s Compensation Act as an employee of the county, because there is no contract of hire, express or implied, between him and the county. It would also seem that he would be excluded on the ground that the duties of a deputy *562sheriff are not in the usual course of the trade or business of the county or its governing body.”
The law as declared in Virginia is accordant with our own decisions. Saunders v. Allen, supra; Mollowell v. Department of Conservation and Development, 206 N. C., 206, 173 S. E., 603. It follows, therefore, that liability was properly denied as against the county and its insurance carrier. On the argument it was stated that, in fixing the insurance rate for the county, fee deputies were not reported as basis for premium.
The second question presented for decision is whether plaintiff’s intestate at the time of his injury and death was an employee of the sheriff within the meaning of the Workmen’s Compensation Act. The answer to this question was adumbrated in Starling v. Morris, 202 N. C., 564, 163 S. E., 584, and later given in Borders v. Cline, ante, 472.
The status of a fee deputy in this jurisdiction is that of a ministerial officer — an “arm” or “hand” of the sheriff' — who acts for the sheriff in ministerial matters in his name and stead. 22 R. O. L., 582. “A deputy is usually defined to be one who, by appointment, exercises an office in another’s right.” Piland v. Taylor, 113 N. C., 1, 18 S. E., 70. Consequently it has been held that upon the insanity of the sheriff his deputy can no longer act. Somers v. Comrs., 123 N. C., 582, 31 S. E., 873.
It is true that in some of the cases a deputy is loosely spoken of as an “employee of the sheriff” or as an “agent of the sheriff,” but the designation is inexact, and is not to be found in those cases dealing with his precise status. Lanier v. Greenville, 174 N. C., 311, 93 S. E., 850; Cansler v. Penland, 125 N. C., 578, 34 S. E., 683; Patterson v. Britt, 33 N. C., 383. Compare R. R. v. Fisher, 109 N. C., 1, 13 S. E., 698. In the cases where such appellation appears the court was concerned with the liability of the sheriff for some act or dereliction of his deputy, and not with the precise principle — agency, identity, or responsibility cast by law — upon which liability should be made to depend, for the application of any one of these principles would produce the same result in an action by the injured third person. See Hanie v. Penland, 194 N. C., 234, 139 S. E., 380, and R. R. v. Fisher, supra. The relation existing between the sheriff and his deputy, upon which liability for compensation depends, was not in mind or considered. ’Tis well again, perhaps, to observe the oft-repeated admonition' that every expression, to be correctly understood, ought to be considered with a view to the circumstances of its use. Heyer v. Bulluck, 210 N. C., 321, 186 S. E., 356. And as said by Marshall, C. J., in U. S. v. Burr, 4 Cranch 470: “Every opinion, to be correctly understood, ought to be considered with a view to the case in which it was delivered.”
*563As between the injured party and the sheriff, there is a choice of theories, equally efficacious, and all leading to liability. But when we come to consider the responsibility of the sheriff to his deputy a different question is presented. This calls for a reconsideration of the former decisions before they can be regarded as precedents in a ease, like the present where the correctness of the theory upon which they are predicated is to be determined. Instead of controlling precedents, forsooth some are found to be only inns for the night, good enough for the time and purpose, but the law, like the traveler, was up and moving on the morrow.
For example, it is suggested that Willis v. Melvin, 53 N. C., 62 (December Term, 1860), and S. v. Alston, 127 N. C., 518, 37 S. E., 137 (September Term, ,1900), are in conflict, and, at first blush, they may seem to be. The holding in the former was that a deputy sheriff is not a “public officer” within the meaning of the reference statute, Eev. Code, ch. 31, sec. 114, while the pronouncement in the latter was that the defendant who resisted a deputy tax collector of an ex-sheriff with tax list in his hands was guilty of resisting and obstructing a “public officer.” The supposed conflict, however, is more fanciful than real for, in fact, the two cases are consistent, when viewed in the light of the true character of a deputy who acts authoritatively only as the sheriff's representative. The first was an action by the sheriff against his deputy; the second a criminal prosecution.
“The deputy is not the agent or servant of the sheriff but is his representative, and the sheriff is liable for his acts as if they had been done by himself.” Waste, J., in Michel v. Smith, 188 Cal., 199, 205 Pac., 113.
In Flanagan v. Hoyt, 36 Vt., 563, 86 Am. Dec., 657, it was held that acts of a deputy are not to be regarded as acts of the sheriff in the sense of either agency or identity, but rather in the sense of official responsibility cast by law upon the sheriff for the acts of his deputy.
Speaking directly to the point, Barrett, J., delivering the opinion of the Court, said:
“It is claimed that all official acts by the deputy are to be regarded as done by the sheriff to the same-intent, and to every legal effect, as if done by the sheriff himself- — in other words, that the deputy is hut the agent or instrument by which the sheriff -acts, and has no independent status and functions. We are mindful of what has been held and said in Johnson v. Edson, 2 Aiken, 299; Davis v. Miller, 1 Vt., 9; Bliss v. Stevens, 4 Id., 88, and Ayer v. Jameson, 9 Id., 363, and though no practical inconvenience or injury would seem likely to result from the view therein taken and expressed, as to the relation existing between the sheriff and his deputy, if confined to cases of a similar kind, it still *564seems to us that it would have been as well, even in those cases, to have adopted a different view, and one that could have been practically acted upon in all cases without incongruity, and without resulting in embarrassment or injury in any.
“Without undertaking to overrule the view expressed in those cases, as applied and acted upon in them, we think the truer and more legitimate view is that while in a certain sense the acts of the deputy are to be regarded as the acts of the sheriff, yet not in the sense of either agency or identity, but rather in the sense of official relation and of responsibility cast by law upon the sheriff for the acts of his deputy, not in the sense that what the deputy does is done by the sheriff, but that for what he does the sheriff is made responsible, the same as if he had officially done the same thing.” »
Again, in Rich v. Graybar Electric Co., 125 Tex., 470, 84 S. W. (2d). 708, 102 A. L. R., 171, it is held: “The liability of a sheriff or constable for the official acts of a deputy is not based upon the doctrine of respondeat superior, but on the fact that the deputy is his representative for whose acts he is liable as if they had been done by himself.”
Likewise, in Kusah v. McCorkle, 100 Wash., 318, the whole matter is summed up in a single pithy sentence: “The acts or omissions of Gifford as deputy were the acts or omissions of McOorkle as sheriff.”
Under our law a deputy is authorized to act only in ministerial matters, and in respect of these matters he acts as vice principal or alter ego of the sheriff, for the sheriff “and his deputy are, in contemplation of law, one person.” R. R. v. Fisher, supra; Willis v. Melvin, supra. “Hence it is that, although a sheriff in some of his duties is a judicial officer, and as such may not act by deputy, yet in the main his duties are merely ministerial, and as to such it is implied, when not so provided by statute, that he may act by a substitute”- — Dillard, J., in Yeargin v. Siler, 83 N. C., 348. The acts of the deputy are acts of the sheriff. Horne v. Allen, 27 N. C., 36; Hampton v. Brown, 35 N. C., 18; S. v. Alston, supra. For this reason the sheriff is held liable on his official bond for acts of his deputy. S. v. Roane, 24 N. C., 144; McLean v. Buchanan, 53 N. C., 444; Spencer v. Moore, 19 N. C., 264; S. v. Moore, 19 Mo., 369, 61 Am. Dec., 563; Brinson v. Thomas, 55 N. C., 414, 67 Am. Dec., 224. “A sheriff is liable for the acts or omissions of his deputy as he is for his own.” Sutton v. Williams, 199 N. C., 546, 155 S. E., 160. In short, a deputy is a lieutenant, the sheriff’s right-hand man, whose duties are coequal in importance with those of his chief. One who represents the high sheriff of the county in the capacity of deputy occupies no mean place. To call him an under-sheriff, as he is referred to in some of the cases, is more nearly correct than to style him an employee. He holds an appointment as distinguished from an employ*565ment. Such was bis status at common law. I Blackstone’s Commentaries, 343; South v. Maryland,, Etc., 95 U. S., 396; Wilkerson v. Dennison, 113 Tenn., 237, 80 S. W., 765, 106 A. S. R., 821, and note, 3 Ann. Gas., 297, and note. Such is bis status now. Borders v. Cline, supra; Biehn v. Bannick, 166 Wash., 465; Clement v. Dunn, 114 Cal. App., 60; Price v. Pace, 50 Idaho, 353; 24 R. C. L., 979; 57 C. J., 731.
Tbe responsibility of a sheriff for tbe acts of bis deputy, done colore officii, rests upon the principle that “tbe band that does or procures tbe act is liable.” Coltraine v. McCain, 14 N. C., 308, 24 Am. Dec., 256; Satterwhite v. Carson, 25 N. C., 549; Martin v. Martin, 47 N. C., 285; 22 R. C. L., 586. “If there be a nonfeasance or neglect of duty by tbe under-sheriff, the sheriff alone is responsible to tbe party injured, and tbe default is a matter to be settled between tbe sheriff and the under-sheriff.” Lyle v. Wilson, 26 N. C., 226. See Willis v. Melvin, supra. "Whether this responsibility has been shifted to tbe county in tbe case of salaried deputies, we make no decision as tbe question is not presently before us. No doubt tbe proper authorities have considered tbe matter.
On tbe whole, it is concluded that tbe judgment of tbe Superior Court is correct and that it should be upheld.
Affirmed.