The appeal from ruling of the court below in sustaining the demurrer requires an examination of the allegations of the complaint, together with the exhibits attached and connected therewith, in order to determine the sufficiency of the pleading to constitute a cause of action against the demurring defendant.
In the consideration of a demurrer it is the established rule that all the material facts alleged, aside from the deductions of the pleader, are *585deemed admitted, and that tbe pleading shall be liberally construed. Blackmore v. Winders, 144 N. C., 212; Ramsey v. Furniture Co., 209 N. C., 165.
Tbe facts, as they appear from tbe complaint and exhibits, are substantially these: On 30 December, 1931, United Bank & Trust Company (hereinafter called the old bank) closed its doors on account of insolvency, and Gurney P. Hood, Commissioner of Banks, took charge of its affairs, and thereafter levied an assessment of one hundred per cent on all stockholders of record of said bank. On the stock books of the bank appeared the name of W. P. Ross as the holder of one hundred shares of the par value of one hundred dollars per share. The assessment roll was subsequently docketed in the Superior Court of Guilford County, in accordance with the statute, on 28 June, 1932.
About 14 June, 1932, a new banking institution was organized under the laws of North Carolina, under the name of “The United Bank & Trust Company.” This last named bank will be hereinafter styled the new bank. Shortly after its organization the new bank submitted to the Commissioner of Banks in charge of the old bank a proposal to pay a sum sufficient to discharge all preferred claims and the claims of all depositors and creditors of the old bank and to release the Commissioner from all further liability on account of unproven claims, in consideration of the conveyance, transfer, and assignment to the new bank by the Commissioner of Banks of all the property and assets of the old bank, including judgments now docketed or to be docketed representing stockholders’ liability. This offer the Commissioner of Banks, on the relation of the old bank, petitioned the court for authority to accept, stating that the proposition had been approved by unanimous vote of the directors and the stockholders of the old bank.
Thereupon, on 27 June, 1932, an order of court was signed by H. Hoyle Sink, Judge presiding in the Twelfth Judicial District, authorizing the Commissioner of Banks “to convey, assign, and transfer to The United Bank & Trust Company of Greensboro (new bank) all the property and assets of every kind and nature of United Bank & Trust Company (old bank), including judgments now docketed or to be docketed in the office of the clerk of the Superior Court of Guilford County, representing stockholders’ liability.” The Commissioner of Banks was also authorized to distribute the proceeds from such sale in accordance with the agreement of the creditors of the old bank, and the Commissioner was further directed, after making such sale and distribution, to file his final report in accordance with C. S., 218 (c), (18), the order declaring that “the filing of such report shall act as a full and complete discharge of the Commissioner of Banks from all further liability by reason of the liquidation of said United Bank & Trust Company.”
*586Thereafter, Gurney P. Hood, Commissioner of Banks, as statutory liquidator and receiver of United Bank & Trust Company, pursuant to the order of Judge Sink and in accordance with the statute, filed bis final report. In this report tbe Commissioner of Banks stated that he took possession of the old bank for the purpose of liquidation under the statute 30 December, 1931, and “that the affairs of said bank remained in the hands of the Commissioner until 30 June, 1932,” and, after reciting the offer of the new bank and the order of Judge Sink, he reported compliance with all the terms and requirements of said order, together with detailed statement of the items of account showing payment of all claims in full or discharge in accordance with depositors’ agreement. The Commissioner of Banks concluded the report with the following official statement: “That all of the assets of the trust have been collected, compromised, or sold. Such compromises or sales have been either approved or ordered by the resident or presiding judge of the Superior Court. There now remain, in the hands of the said Gurney P. Hood, statutory liquidator as aforesaid, no assets for further disposal, and all of the liabilities have been legally discharged. That the filing of this final report and accounting completes all proceedings required under the laws of North Carolina to be taken by the Commissioner of Banks as statutory liquidator and receiver of United Bank & Trust Company.”
The plaintiffs in their complaint further allege that the shares of stock appearing on the books of the old bank in the name of W. E. Ross, and upon which assessment was levied and judgment docketed, were really the shares of stock of defendant Richardson Realty, Inc., and that this defendant was the real or beneficial owner thereof. The complaint sets out in detail the methods and subterfuges by which it is alleged the defendant concealed its ownership and sought to evade liability. Admitting, for the purposes of the demurrer, the material facts set out in the complaint, the allegations in this respect are sufficient to make it appear, in the light most favorable for the pleader, that Richardson Realty, Inc., was the real or beneficial owner of the shares of stock.
That brings us to the consideration of the question whether a stock liability, which originally might have been capable of enforcement against the defendant under the facts alleged in the complaint, may now constitute a cause of action for recovery by the plaintiffs in this suit.
The double or additional liability of a stockholder in a bank imposed by the statute has been uniformly held to constitute a trust fund for the benefit of the depositors and creditors of the bank. The phrase “trust fund” means that this liability in case of insolvency of the bank should constitute a fund to be equitably distributed for the benefit of all creditors. Hood, Comr., v. Trust Co., 209 N. C., 367; Bank v. Cotton Mills, 115 N. C., 507. This liability arises by reason of the statute and is con*587tractual in its nature. Admittedly tbe Commissioner of Banks on tbe relation of tbe old bank could bave brought suit to enforce tbis liability for tbe benefit of the creditors of tbe old bank. Tbis liability, while not strictly and in all respects an asset of tbe bank, is regarded as a contingent asset to be collected by tbe receiver for distribution among all tbe creditors, and, if more than sufficient for that purpose, to be repaid to tbe stockholders.
But it appears here that there are now no creditors of the old bank. They have all been paid in full. the statutory receiver has so reported. His final report has been filed and upon such filing be was discharged, as provided by the previous order of the court. If there are no creditors, the additional stock liability is no longer enforcible. The reason for the imposition of the liability by the statute has failed. the statute imposes the liability only for the payment of the debts of the bank in which the stock is held. the relation of the Commissioner of Banks to the institution being liquidated is that of a statutory receiver. Doubtless be could, even after final report, again come into court upon showing additional uncollected assets and unpaid creditors and continue bis administration to final conclusion. But here all the creditors have been paid, and thereupon additional assets, if any, would belong to the stockholders.
The appellants contend, however, that there is an unsatisfied creditor of the old bank, to wit, the new bank; for that the new bank acquired, among other things, a judgment against ~W. F. Ross which has not been paid, and is uncollectible, and that it has sustained a loss rendering collection of the liability sued on necessary for the reimbursement of the new bank; or on the ground that the new bank, having paid the debts of the old bank, is entitled to occupy the position of creditor of the old' bank by reason of that fact.
This position cannot be maintained in view of the fact that it is alleged the new bank took over all the assets of the old bank in consideration of paying all its debts. The new bank was compensated for its obligation by the acquisition of the assets of the old bank. It was a sale and purchase. The new bank got what it bought and cannot now be beard to complain if some of the property it bought proved of little value, in the absence of a contract of guaranty, or undertaking to repay, or facts sufficient to raise the equity of subrogation. Here no promise to repay, express or implied, is alleged. the primary purpose of the transaction in June, 1932, between the Commissioner of Banks representing the old bank on the one band and the new bank on the other, was to pay off and satisfy the depositors and creditors of the old bank. This was done.
It is true the Commissioner of Banks sues in bis capacity as statutory receiver of the old bank, as well as on relation of the new bank, which later also became insolvent, but the suit is alleged to be for the use and benefit of the new bank.
*588Tbe allegation of tbe complaint is “that these plaintiffs are advised tbat by tbe order of court referred to and tbe transfer of tbe assets of United Bank & Trust Company (old bank), Tbe United Bank & Trust Company (new bank) became, and is now, tbe owner of said assessment, tbe amount due thereupon and all right thereto, and entitled to enforce such right in this proceeding, and if for any reason Tbe United Bank & Trust Company is not entitled to recover of defendant tbe $10,000 assessment in its own name, its eoplaintiff (Commissioner of Banks on relation of new bank) is entitled to make such recovery for and on behalf of and to tbe use of Tbe United Bank & Trust Company (new bank).”
Since all tbe debts of tbe old bank have been discharged and there are no creditors, it is obvious tbat suit cannot now be maintained to enforce tbe statutory liability of an alleged stockholder in tbat bank. This liability cannot be extended to constitute an obligation for tbe payment of tbe creditors of another bank.
This brings us to tbe consideration of tbe question whether tbe additional liability of a stockholder in tbe old bank is an asset which passed to tbe new bank by virtue of tbe conveyance authorized by order of Judge Sink.
Tbe order authorizing tbe conveyance and transfer uses tbe words “judgments docketed and to be docketed.” But tbe words “to be docketed” apparently bad reference to tbe fact tbat tbe order was signed 27 June, 1932, while all tbe judgments on tbe stock assessment were docketed in tbe Superior Court of Guilford County 28 June, 1932.
In tbe recent work of Braver on Liquidation of Financial Institutions, tbe author states tbe rule as to tbe assignment of tbe stockholders’ double liability as follows (see. 276) : “In tbe absence of special statutory authority, it has been held tbat tbe double liability of stockholders is not subject to assignment as an ordinary chose in action, as it is not an asset of tbe bank, and tbat a court’s approval of tbe banking commissioner’s assignment thereof is void for want of jurisdiction, and tbe order of approval is subject to collateral attack. Hence, if tbe Banking Commissioner sells tbe assets of tbe insolvent bank and assigns tbe statutory liability of tbe stockholders, it has been held tbat tbe assignee, or tbe Banking Commissioner for tbe benefit of tbe assignee, cannot enforce it, but tbat tbe Banking Commissioner or receiver only is authorized to collect it for tbe benefit of creditors.”
It seems to be generally held tbat, as this liability is fixed by statute and is imposed solely for tbe benefit of tbe creditors of tbe bank in which tbe stock is held, it cannot be regarded as an assignable chose in action, ordinarily entitling tbe assignee to sue for its enforcement. Nor would it pass under tbe general designation of assets.
“Tbe statutory liability of tbe stockholder is created exclusively for tbe benefit of tbe corporate creditors. It is not to be numbered among *589the assets of the corporation and the corporation has no right or interest in it. Cook Stock & Stockholders, sec. 218.” Hill v. Smathers, 173 N. C., 642; Hood, Commissioner of Banks, v. Trust Co., 209 N. C., 367. See, also, Hood, Comr., v. Martin, 203 N. C., 620.
Even if the transfer of assets by the Commissioner of Banks to the new bank expressly attempted to assign the stockholders’ liability, there was no authority conferred upon the new bank to enforce a liability created by law exclusively for the benefit of the creditors of the old bank. As was pointed out in Woodcock v. Bostic, 118 N. C., 822, “If the courts would not entertain a suit at the hands of the assignee, because of the uselessness to him of the thing transferred, how can it be said that such a thing is assignable?” If the new bank, at the time it purchased the assets of the old bank, had no power to enforce the statutory stockholders’ liability, the subsequent insolvency of the new bank would give the statutory receiver no additional rights.
If the plaintiffs seek by this suit to claim the right to subject defendant to liability on the judgment against ~W. E. Ross, they are met by the decisions of this Court in the recent cases of Jones v. Franklin Estate, 209 N. C., 585, and Security Co. v. Hight, ante, 117. In Jones v. Franklin Estate, supra, it was held that “the mere assignment of a judgment, unless expressly provided for, does not confer upon the as-signee the additional right thereafter to subject to the liability of the judgment others who were not parties to the original action, though the assignor, the original plaintiff, might have had a cause of action against them but forebore to pursue it.”
The demurrer interposed on the ground that the facts alleged in the complaint are insufficient to constitute a cause of action against the defendant, in the respect pointed out, raises questions relative to the effect of the transfer of the assets of the old bank to the new bank, which have not heretofore been directly determined by this Court, but similar cases have been considered in other jurisdictions, and the weight of authority is in support of the views herein expressed. Griffin v. Brewer, 167 Okla., 654; State ex rel. Mothersead v. Kelly, 141 Okla., 36; American Exchange Bank v. Rowsey, 144 Okla., 172; Runner v. Dwiggins, 147 Ind., 238; Assets Realization Co. v. Howard, 211 N. Y., 430; Zang v. Wyant, 25 Colo., 551; Williamson v. American Bank, 109 Fed., 36; Ames v. American National Bank, 163 Va., 1, 176 S. E., 204; Andrew v. Bank, 214 Iowa, 1339; 82 A. L. R., 1280 (note); Trust Co. v. Bradbury, 117 Minn., 83; Bank v. Aaron, 271 Mich., 147; Wilson v. Bank, 251 Ky., 372; Farmers’ Bank v. Scott, 144 Ky., 575; Bank v. Holsen, 331 Ill., 622; Poe v. King, 217 Iowa, 213; Emery v. Wilkinson, 72 Fed. (2nd), 10; Hightower v. Bank, 263 U. S., 351; Bank v. Chapman, 263 S. W. (Tex.), 929; Schaberg v. McDonald, 60 Neb., 493; Cobe v. Hackney, 83 Kan., 306; 7 American Jurisprudence, secs. 136, 137.
*590The appellee calls attention to chapter 99, Public Laws of 1935, as additional reason why the demurrer should be sustained. The appellants, on the other hand, contend that this statute does not apply, and, if it does, it violates the constitutional prohibition against a law impairing the obligation of a contract.
The Act of 1935 in question amends the statute (C. S., 219 [a], and amendments thereto) which imposes the additional liability on stockholders of banks, by adding these words: “Such additional liability as is provided in this section shall cease on 1 July, 1935, with respect to any shares which may have been or may hereafter be issued.” The effect of this act is to abolish the statutory double liability of stockholders in the banks of this State, and it is made applicable to all shares of stock, issued or to be issued. The stockholders’ liability, having been imposed by statute for the benefit of depositors and other creditors, has been uniformly held to be contractual in its nature. The subscriber to or transferee of shares of bank stock acquires his shares subject to this liability, and the depositors and creditors are regarded as having dealt with the bank presumably in consideration of the additional security afforded by this contractual obligation. Therefore, as between the stockholder and one who was a depositor or creditor of the bank prior to the passage of the act, the statute, which prescribes that this liability shall cease with respect to shares which had theretofore been issued, would seem to offend the constitutional provision of Art. I, sec. 10, of the Constitution of the United States prohibiting the passage of an act impairing the obligation of a contract. Coombes v. Getz, 285 U. S., 434. As was well said by Stacy, C. J., in delivering the opinion of the Court in Nash v. Commissioners of St. Pauls, ante, 301, “For, a state no more by constitutional amendment than by statute can impair the vested rights held by the creditor in assurance of his debt.”
“The prohibition of the Constitution against the passage of laws impairing the obligation of contracts applies to the contracts of the State as well as to contracts between individuals.” Smith v. Commissioners, 182 N. C., 149.
It was held in Simons v. Groesbeck, 268 Mich., 495, that the stockholders’ liability, based upon statute, “is contractual in its nature, so much so that the Legislature has been regarded as prohibited by the constitutional prohibition against impairing the obligation of contracts from taking away the stockholders’ liability after it has once accrued or attached.”
But where no rights had vested, and where neither assessment had been levied nor judgment rendered against this defendant prior to the passage of the Act of 1935, it would seem that the act would avail in the present suit.
*591Besides, it is well settled that a legislative act will not be beld to violate any constitutional provision unless the conflict is so clear that no reasonable doubt can arise (Glenn v. Board of Education, 210 N. C., 525; S. v. Brockwell, 209 N. C., 209), and it is the established rule of appellate courts that they will not consider or attempt to decide whether a legislative act violates the Constitution unless it appears that it is necessary to do so in order to protect some constitutional right which has been invaded or threatened. Blackmore v. Duplin Co., 201 N. C., 243; S. v. Rooks, 207 N. C., 275; Newman v. Commissioners of Vance, 208 N. C., 675; S. v. Williams, 209 N. C., 57; Sales Co. v. Grosscup, 298 U. S., 226. “The judicial power does not extend to the determination of abstract questions.” Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U. S., 288.
In the recent case of Security Co. v. Hight, ante, 117, where the assignee of a judgment, based on an assessment for the liability of ostensible stockholders, brought suit to reform the judgment so as to hold others liable therefor as the real owners of the stock, it was said by this Court: “Moreover, it is conceded that since the levy of the assessment in the instant case, the holders of bank stock have been relieved of their double liability by chapter 99, Public Laws of 1935. So, unless the defendants were rendered liable by the original assessment, they cannot now be made liable therefor.”
For the reasons stated, we conclude that the judgment sustaining the demurrer must be
Affirmed.
Stacy, C. J., concurs in result.