The defendant was tried and convicted upon a bill of indictment charging a violation of section 1, chapter 228, Public Laws 1933, section 276 (a) of N. 0. Code of 1935 (Miehie), which reads: “Any parent who willfully neglects or who refuses to support and maintain his or her illegitimate child shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and subject to such penalties as are hereinafter provided.”
The prosecuting witness testified that she and the defendant had intimate relations during the month of April, 1934, that she became pregnant in May, 1934, and that her child was born 3 January, 1935, and that the defendant was the father of her child; she further testified that the defendant had furnished nothing toward the support of the child, and that although she had charged the defendant with being the father of her child, she did not procure a warrant for him until December, 1935. The State offered other adminicular evidence. The defendant offered no evidence.
At the close of the evidence, the defendant moved for judgment of not guilty and dismissal, and the court’s refusal to grant this motion gives rise to the only question presented on this appeal.
The defendant contends in his brief that the statute contravenes the “due process” clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution, and section 17, Article I, of the North Carolina Constitution, providing that no person shall be imprisoned but by the law of the land, and relies upon S. v. Griffin, 154 N. C., 611. The reasoning in that case is not applicable to the case at bar. There is no presumption prescribed by the statute under which the defendant was convicted. On the contrary, this Court specifically held in S. v. Cook, 207 N. C., 261, that “The father of an illegitimate child may be convicted of neglecting to support such child only when it is established that such neglect was willful, that is, without just cause, excuse, or justification. The willfulness of the neglect is an essential ingredient of the offense, and as such must not only be charged in the bill, but must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The presumption of innocence with which the defendant enters the trial includes the presumption of innocence of willfulness in any failure on his part to support his illegitimate child. The failure to support may be an evidential fact tending to show a willful neglect, but it does not raise a presumption of willfulness.”
*273The defendant further contends in Ms brief that be could not be convicted of willfully refusing to support the child until it had been judicially determined that he was the father thereof, or until he had acknowledged the paternity thereof. This position is untenable. The statute makes it a crime for any parent to willfully neglect or refuse to support and maintain his illegitimate child. The first essential element of the offense, which the State is called upon to establish, is the defendant’s paternity of the child, and then the willful neglect or refusal to support.
There is no exception to the charge except to the failure to charge the jury as set forth in an assignment of error. This assignment is untenable, since there was no written request for such an instruction. C. S., 565. The charge was in accord with the principle enunciated in S. v. Cook, supra.
On the record we find
No error.