*218The Judges not agreeing upon all the points involved in the cause, delivered separate opinions, as follows:—
The tax imposed on stock in the Bank of Newbern, has been paid, from the year 1816, to the present time, out of the corporate funds. The information seeks to keep the sums paid to the state; and, alleging that the tax was payable exclusively out of the separate interest of the private stockholders, seeks to correct the supposed error, by charging to them, in the division of the capital, and giving credit to the state for, the proportion of those sums raised out of her stock.
The tax is due under a provision of the new charter of 1814, (Rev. ch. 870); by the 11th section of which it is enacted, “ that a tax of one per cent, per annum shall be levied on all stock holden in the bank, except the stock holden by the state; which shall be paid to the treasurer by the president or cashier of said bank, on the 1st day of October, in each and every year.” It may here be mentioned, that the printed statute book is inaccurate in substituting the word “ stockholders” for the two words “ stock holden,” which appear in the original roll.
The doubt is, whether, on the wording of the charter, the tax is payable by the corporation, out of the common fund — the number of private shares being the measure of the tax; or whether it is payable out of those private shares only, so as to make each stockholder severally contribute annually to the public treasury one dollar for each share.
I own that the language of the statute is not so clear to the contrary, that I could confidently say, were the construction now to be placed on it for thé first time, that the one contended for on behalf of the state was not according to the intention of the legislature. It is possible that such was the meaning. But I do not think that a strained construction is allowable of an act, which levies money from the citizen. The amount of the levy, the subject of it, and the method of raising it, ought to be so plainly pointed out as to avoid all danger of oppression by *219an erroneous interpretation; and where there is a fair doubt, the citizen should have the advántage of it.
Per Ruf-fin, C. J. The natural construction of a charter creating a corporation, is ,that all the privileges conferred, all the duties disclosed, and all the duties imposed, relate to it as a whole, and not to the individuals composing it. And although the contrary may be enacted, it ought to be clearly done, before the corpo-ators, as natural persons, can be affected.
Here the difficulty arises from the silence of the act as to the fund out of which the tax shall be paid. The natural construction of a charter, creating a corporation, a new artificial being, is, that all the privileges conferred, all the duties declared, and all the burdens imposed, relate to that being as a whole, and not to the individuals composing it. The contrary may be enacted it is true; but it ought to be clearly enacted, before the corporators, as natural persons, can be affected. Here it is insisted that, as the tax is to be “ levied on” the private stock, it is necessarily to be “raised on or out of” that stock. The argument is so plausible as at the first view to have much weight; and would be satisfactory were it not for other provisions in that section and others of the charter. The payment into the treasury is to be made by the president or cashier in their official characters. Those terms of description are naturally to be referred to the official character, and not to the persons in their natural capacity, who happened to hold those places. But what renders the meaning clear is, that there is no clause of distress on any property of the several stockholders, nor any means provided of raising the tax except from funds that would be under the control of those persons as officers, and not otherwise. What fund belonging to the stockholders, as the separate property of each, is within the reach of the cashier and president? The profits annually declared and passed to the credit of the stockholder, and those only. The stock itself and all the surplus undivided, is a common joint-stock under the exclusive direction and power of the board of directors; and the interest of each stockholder in that fund is ideal and intangible — not accessible to the officers or to any fiscal agent of the state, except through the intervention of the corporation itself. When a dividend of profit is declared, that becomes separate property, and might be appropriated, under the authority of law, to the satisfaction of any demand upon the owner. If the charter had said, the tax of one per cent, on each share should be paid out of the profit on each share declared to the stockholder, it *220would have been clear; and the fund thus rendered liable would have been a proper one and within the reach of the officers charged to collect and account for it. It is possible, but hardly probable, that the legislature, without closely considering the subject, might have expected a continued and certain profit and its periodical division; and, therefore, have intended that the tax should attach to it, as soon as it was declared. Blit the consequence of that construction would be, that unless there was a profit there w'ould be no tax; for it could not be raised, unless the fund existed, out of which it was, according to the meaning of the act, to be satisfied. Perhaps that might have been the proper interpretation at first of this ambiguous statute; for it seems to be consonant, to natural justice. But the contrary has been practically insisted on by the state, and is now insisted on in argument. The tax has been paid every year, whether profit were made or not: indeed it has been paid, when so far from making profit, a large part of the capital had been sunk, as we know from the statements of the fiscal officers of the state, and the proceedings of the legislature. Beside^, the words of this section of the act are, that the tax “ shall be paid in each and every year;” which seems to overrule the implied meaning, that it is payable out of the profits alone, and to require positively that the sum due for the tax, according to the measure prescribed in the act, shall be paid at all events.
If that be admitted, then the question arises, how it is to be paid when there is ho profit l I do not state the question in that shape, for the purpose of determining how the money is to be raised in the two cases, when there are profits, and when there are none, as if it was to be raised differently in the one or the other; but as the criterion of the proper construction, as to the proper fund for raising it in every case. It has already been shown, that it is payable, whether there be profits or not; and therefore the construction must be, that it is not payable out of the profits as profits, and does not attach to them. If not attached to them, after they are declared, nor to any other property of the individual stockholder, it seems to follow, as a necessary consequence, that the tax is to be paid out of the *221corporate property,- whether capital or profit, while it is a joint fund ; for to that fund alone can the president and cashier have access. They are to pay the tax; whence is it to arise ? It has been shown, that it is not out of the separate property assigned to each shareholder. It is impossible, that it can be out of the capital share itself; because that is not tangible by those persons, either in their official or natural capacities. It must then be out of the funds in their hands, and as they are in their hands; that is, the corporate property. With respect to that fund, it is immaterial whether it consists of principal and profit, or of principal alone; for the- whole effects of the corporation must answer all burdens on the corporation. When there are two funds out of which thé tax might have been raised, or may be supposed to have been intended by the legislature to be raised, and it is doubtful upon the words, which is meant, it seems to be a just rule of construction, when the act commands particular official persons to pay the tax, that the fund within the power of those officers, is the proper fund — is the one meant; and the one not within their power as officers, was not meant. But it is said, those officers are spoken of as representing the corporation, and that in fact, the corporation itself is responsible for the tax and for the payment out of the proper fund. That may be admitted. It may be true, that if the officers made default in paying the tax, the bank would have to make it up. But it would recur, out of what fund 1 Plainly, out of that which was chargeable from the first with it. Then, what remedy would there be against the corporation ? When a- corporation, as such, is liable for money, it must answer out of the corporate funds, and the process is to distrain or sell the common property, which in this case, would result precisely in accordance with what has been done. Doubtless also, a mandamus .would lie to compel the corporation in a general meeting of the stockholders, and through their ordinary organs, the board of directors, to make such orders upon their officers, as would set apart a sufficient sum out of the proper fund, to satisfy the demand of the state, whether it be for the tax, or her share of the profits; and that sum thus set apart could be reached *222without further process against the corporation directly. But the question would still be the same, which is the proper puncj 7 Proceeding against the corporation to compel its creation, or its being set apart, would not change the gource from which it is to spring. Such a proceeding would be only to enforce the corporators not to withdraw from the officers the means they were expected to have, and would have, of answering the tax ; and not to make the tax payable out of a fund which never was accessible to those persons, in their designated' official characters. But further, the argument for the state would necessarily lead to this; that the shares of stock would be unequal. For if it be true, that by mandamus or by proceedings in equity, the corporators may be compelled to order their officers to pay the tax out of the separate shares of the stockholders, then, when there is no profit declared, and none in fact, the payments must be out of the capital of the share itself. This is so obviously inconvenient and impolitic, and so clearly against the general scope of the charter, as to condemn the construction. The shares are made one hundred dollars each; and the profits are to be equally divided. The diminution of some of the shares would discredit the bank, and render the security of note-holders and other creditors precarious, or throw the burden of them on the state; and would make it almost impracticable to keep the accounts with simplicity and correctness, amongst such a number of unequal proprietors. Besides, the stock itself is made transferable, and passes in the course of business, almost like money; and as it could not be seen from the certificate how far the capital had been reduced, all assignments would be at an end, or purchasers exposed to great frauds. It is no answer to say, that purchasers must take cum onere. That is true with respect to liabilities of the corporation. But it is not true within the contemplation of the charter, in respect to the liability of each corporator. The bank itself and the state cannot, against the express terms of the certificate, say that the share of stock is not one hundred dollars, as between the shareholders themselves. They cannot say that the former proprietor has withdrawn a part of his capital; but *223that notwithstanding, the bank was compelled by law to certify to him falsely that his payment had been full, and. yet remained full. The legislature • could not intend to authorise a fraud so palpable and base.
December, State v. Bank of Newbern.
I conclude, therefore, from a consideration of the whole act, — as the tax is not payable out of the profits, as such, declared to each individual; as it is not payable out of the other separate estate of the holder; as it is not payable out of the separate capital of each stockholder, because that cannot be reached by the collecting officers, and because, if reached through the corporators, it would render the shares of unequal value, diminish the capital, and be a fraud on purchasers ; as- it is payable at all events every year: — that, for all these reasons, it is payable out of the common funds in the hands of the officers as such, whether those funds consist of capital or of profit. There is no other plausible or admissible construction but the one, that the divided profits is the proper fund, and that the legislature deemed them certain, and therefore considered that each stockholder would permanently have a separate property, from which one dollar on his share could be raised annually. Such an expectation on the part of the General-Assembly cannot be supposed, without imputing the grossest ignorance to that body; for all know that banking is not only a hazardous business, but that in this state, large portions of the capitals have actually been lost. But if the supposition were true, it would only prove by inference that the construction of the act is, that the tax is payable out of such profits, which is rebutted by the express provision for a payment every year at all events. Besides, the information does not proceed at all upon the idea that profits have been annually declared out of which the tax might have been paid, and seek to recover out of them; but it seeks to have a larger share of the capital than the other stockholders in the division now making, upon the notion that the tax has been paid, and was, if necessary, payable out of the capital, and that a portion of her capital as composing a part of the joint-stock, has been improperly thus appplied. The incorrectness of that view has already been shown.
*224The default of her officers, and even of the legislature itself, will not bar the state of a clear right. But their acts under a law, which, it is contended, has given the state a right, commencing with the time of its passage, and continued for many years thereafter, afford strong proof of the sense in which the law was understood by those who passed it.
Besides the reasons for our-opinion drawn from the provisions of the act itself, a most forcible one arises out of the contemporaneous construction put on the act by the stockholders, the fiscal agents of the state, and the legislature. The state is the largest share-holder in the bank, represented in general meeting, and entitled through her officers to quarterly statements of the affairs of the corporation, and to inspect all general accounts on the books. The mode of payment therefore, must have been known. The default of her officers, and of the legislature itself, would not bar the state of a clear right; but such default is not to be presumed. Their acts cotemporaneou'sly, and continued consistently through a period of eighteen years, are such strong proof of the sense in which the act was understood by those who passed it, as to make their construction almost as authoritative, as if the words admitted of no other.
Having arrived at this conclusion, as to the meaning of the charter, it is unnecessary to consider what relief could be had, were the act to be otherwise interpreted against the present proprietors, in respect of the taxes of former years, and of by-gone profits received by former proprietors. It would be difficult to strike out of the case one spark of equity against the present holders, under that aspect of the case. But I do not think it necessary to go into that question, especially as the information is filed against the corporation, and not against the individual corporators. The decree must be reversed, and the demurrer sustained.
Gaston, Judge, concurred with the Chief Justice.
By the 11th section of the act of 1814, extending the charters of the banks of Newbern and Cape Fear, it is enacted that a tax of one per centum per annum shall be levied on all stock holden in each of the said banks, except on the stock holden by the state ; which shall be paid to the treasurer of the state, by the presidents or cashiers of said banks, on or before the first day of October in each and every year. The meaning of the legislature, was, that the stock of each individual stockholder should be annually charged with a tax of one per *225cent. In making up the accounts of the bank for the purpose of declaring dividends of profits among all the the directors took the tax, which was due only from individual stockholders, out of the aggregate amount of nett profits which the bank had made, and then divided the remaining mass equally among all who held stock, as well the state as individuals. By this method of taking the accounts and dividing profits, the state on a share of her stock, received exactly the same amount of dividends, as an individual stockholder received on a share of his stock. Whereas, if the intention of the legislature had been regarded, the amount of dividend on a share of stock held by an individual, would have been minus the amount of dividend on a share of state’s stock to the difference of the tax which should have been taken out of the individual’s dividend. At dividend day, the accounts should have shown the nett aggregate amount of the profits of the bank, exclusive of the individual stockholders’taxes; — then the stock of the state should have had declared and set apart to it, its dividend out of the aggregate mass. The remainder of the mass should then have had substracted the tax on the stock due from all the individual stockholders; then the balance of that remainder should have been equally divided among the shares of stock of individual holders. I will simplify it, by supposing that A. and B. enter into co-partnership, each putting in a capital stock of one hundred dollars, the profits to be divided every year. The.stock of A. is subject to a tax of one per cent, per annum; at the end of the year, they have made nett profits twenty dollars. The division of the aggregate profits would give B. ten dollars and A. ten dollars, out of which A. would pay his tax and leave him but nine dollars profit. But if the tax which A. only owed, was to be taken from the aggregate of profits, B. then would only receive nine dollars fifty cents, and A. would receive the same amount. By this mode of settling the accounts, B. whose stock was not subject to tax, would pay one half of the tax which A. only owed. This mode of taking the accounts would certainly not be correct. The state and the private stockholders in this bank, are partners in the institution upon *226the very same principles as the case which I have supposed, with the difference only, that the profits are declared semiannually, instead of annually. Part of the profits of the stock of the state, has been annually taken to aid in paying the tax due only from the individual stockholders. The annual dividends of the state’s stock, has been in conse^ quence thereof, less than it legally should have been. This information is filed to correct the mistakes thus made in the accounts, and surcharge the bank with the difference, which should be coming to the state, if the accounts at bank had been taken according to law.
The information states, that the dividends have been declared from time to time, since the year 1814, up to the filing of the same, upon this erroneous principle; and that the individual stockholders have been paid more than their proper shares of dividends, of the moneys which rightly belonged to the state. The information then proposes to obtain re-payment by directing the bank to stop so much of the future dividends of profits of the individual stockholders, or to distrain the stock of individuals for that purpose.
If the stock had not been assignable, and the present individual, holders were the same persons who had improperly received the money which rightfully belonged to the state, then the plan proposed would be right and just, as the persons who had improperly received, would be before the Court. But the stock is assignable, and changing owners daily; and there is no lien on the individual stock for this debt. Can it be right that the state, which is only a partner in this institution, should compel the present individual stockholders, (new partners as it were) to pay the amount of the errors in account of antecedent profits, which had been paid by the agents of the bank, and received by their assignors, or the assignors of their assignors? It seems to me, that the plan of redress proposed by the information is not agreeable to equity. If the stockholders who have received an excess of dividends at the expense of the dividends due on the state stock, were before the Court, I would decree against them : and perhaps the agents of the bank (the directors) who com*227mitted the breach of trust in the illegal distribution of the revenues of the institution, might be liable. However, on this, I give no opinion, as they are not before the Court. But it seems to me, that the corporation, the interest in which is jointly owned by the present individual holders of stock, and the state, cannot be decreed to make good the loss, as stated in the information. Whether a court of equity would enjoin the agents of the bank from making erroneous dividends, or whether a court of law would interfere by mandamus, the case now before the Court calls for no opinion. But as the case presents itself by the pleadings, I am of opinion that the demurrer ought to have been sustained.
Per Curiam. Decree reversed^ demurrer sustained, and the information dismissed.