When Worthington died in September, 1928, and the defendant qualified as administrator in the following October, what was the status of the estate?
There were two farms in a high state of cultivation, containing 947 acres, apparently provided with a number of tenant houses and a number of tenants actually lived upon the land. There were eighteen mules and a variety of farming equipment. The administrator could not sell the property because a caveat had been filed to the will and C. S., 4161, spoke to him in the cold and rigid words of a public statute and said: “Suspend all further proceedings in relation to the estate except the preservation of the property and the collection of debts and the payment of all taxes and debts that are a lien upon the property of decedent as may be allowed by order of the clerk of the Superior Court until a decision of the issue is had.” Thus “preservation of the property . . . until a decision of the issue is had” was the mandate of the law. Was the land to be “preserved” by abandoning it to the swift erosion of wind and weather pending the uncertain outcome of litiga*542tion ? Were tbe mules to starve or become worthless for lack of care and feeding? Was tbe farm equipment to be exposed to depreciation and loss?
In discharging tbe peremptory duty of “preservation . . . until a decision of tbe issue” three roads were open:
First, tbe administrator could rely upon tbe ancient principle long declared and long prevailing that an administrator or executor is required to exercise that degree of care, diligence and honesty which a prudent and faithful man would use in the management of his own property, and while so acting, losses to the estate, however grievous, impose no personal liability. The books are not lacking in concrete illustration of this sound and salutary standard. For example, an administrator can spend money to condition raw materials or commodities so as to make them more salable. Whitley v. Alexander, 73 N. C., 444.
Again, he can pay out money to keep in force a life insurance policy securing a note due the estate, although the. estate suffers a loss thereby. Overman v. Lanier, 157 N. C., 544, 73 S. E., 192. In this case the Court said: “It is true that this turned out a loss to the estate. Rut it is found that the administrator acted in good faith, and it cannot be held that a reasonably prudent man would have acted differently under the circumstances. It has been forcibly said by some one that ‘Our hind-sights are better than our foresights.’ ” Also, where a “debtor to an estate, being in failing circumstances, the administrator made a further advance in money to him and took a mortgage to secure the entire amount . . . and the debtor became utterly insolvent, and the mortgaged property was insufficient to pay the entire debt: Held, that the administrator was not liable to the estate for the loss.” Torrence v. Davidson, 92 N. C., 437, third headnote. In Davis v. Davis, 184 N. C., 108, 113 S. E., 613, the administrator “instead of proceeding to settle the estate, continued the business of his intestate and engaged in farming, merchandising, running sawmills and cottongins.” In that case the referee found that the administrator was chargeable with $1,809.50 for feeding mules. Upon exception the judge decreed that as the administrator “had acted conscientiously and honestly, at considerable sacrifice of his personal interest and without gain to himself, and that the estate benefited by his administration, doth find and adjudge that the defendants are not liable to the plaintiffs.” Upon appeal to the Supreme Court the point was made that the trial judge had overruled the referee with respect to the item of feeding, and the Court said: “No specific allusion is made to this item in the administration account of $1,809.50 for feeding the mules, and there is no finding, and certainly no adequate statement of the facts to sustain the judgment, or to enable us properly to consider and pass upon it.” The opinion of the Supreme Court *543concludes as follows: “The judgment will be set aside, which will leave the report of the referee before the court for its further consideration, but with special reference to the item of $1,809.50 for feeding the mules, about which the judge may adopt the referee’s findings of fact, and his conclusion of law in favor of the plaintiffs, or he may reverse or modify the same and find the facts himself, or take such other action as may conform to the course and practice of the court.” It is significant that, no point was made of the right of the administrator to continue the business, and the Court expressly recognizes the right of an administra-tor to feed and care for livestock under proper circumstances.
Second, the administrator might have instituted a civil action in the Superior Court bringing in all creditors, resident and nonresident, if any, and requested a duly constituted court of equity to permit him to feed the livestock and take care of the farm or preserve the property “until a decision of the issue is had.” The delay incident to such a proceeding would have been fatal. Certainly, the mules would have been dead before a court of equity could have acted according to the usual course and practice. No tenants would have been available even if the permission had been granted because at that season of the year it was essential for men to know promptly whether they were going to make a crop or not.
Third, he could have applied by petition to the clerk of the Superior Court and invoked the probate jurisdiction of the court, which is direct and summary.
The administrator chose to follow the third road. On 22 November, 1928, he filed a petition for permission to rent the land for the year 1929 in accordance with the method and custom theretofore employed by the testator. After hearing the petition the authority was granted and the order so made was approved by the proper judge of the Superior Court. Acting upon such authority, the administrator proceeded to cultivate the land and to use the stock and to purchase other tools and equipment necessary for the careful and prudent prosecution of the undertaking. He called a meeting of all the tenants and laid his plan before them, informing them that he desired a tenant who could do so, to furnish himself, and as an aid to that end, he would release the tenant’s portion of the crop, but could not release the estate’s portion of such crops. The supplies furnished were purchased from a corporation of which the administrator was president and the referee finds as a fact “that the amount charged at this store, whether as advances to tenants or supplies for the farm, was the price generally prevailing in the community, the evidence showing no instance of excessive charge, and said administrator directed that upon settlement a discount of five per cent be allowed, which was done.” The referee further found that *544“due to the excessive rains which began in May and continued with only slight interruptions for a period of about six weeks, practically all crops were a failure. A number of farmers of this locality were examined at the hearing before your referee and without exception, testified that the farming operations for this year resulted in a loss to them.” It was further found that the loss resulting from cultivating the land and feeding-the stock for the year 1929, amounted to $11,270.35, and the judgments of both the referee and the trial judge imposed this loss upon the administrator personally. Similar orders and decrees were secured by the administrator for operating the farms during the year 1930, but despite depression and unfavorable crop conditions, such operations resulted in a profit of $224.22. It is also significant that creditors find no fault with this operation and the said profit is actually turned into the estate as an asset.
This loss is imposed upon the administrator personally upon the theory that the orders of the clerk, approved by the proper Superior Court judge, were wholly void. The major reasons given for such conclusion are: First, that an administrator cannot create a posthumous debt, enforcible against the estate of decedent. This is a well established principle, but has no application to this case. The administrator did not undertake to borrow money or create a debt to carry on the operation, but used the funds belonging to the estate for such purpose.
Second, that the clerk of the Superior Court has no equitable jurisdiction.
This principle is also well established and conceded. However, the clerk of the Superior Court, under the law, has an original and independent’jurisdiction in matters of administration, whether such be called equitable, legal or otherwise. Mordecai in his Law Lectures, Volume 2, page 1190, says: “That the clerk in the exercise of his probate jurisdiction is an independent tribunal of original jurisdiction is settled.” Furthermore, in Pegram v. Armstrong, 82 N. C., 328, this Court said: “The probate court confessedly had jurisdiction of the suit of a creditor to compel an administrator to account, and to direct the application of the assets to the debts of the estate, and clearly had jurisdiction of the matters in this action.” Of course, the Superior Court has concurrent jurisdiction, and such was expressly recognized and applied in the case of In re Estate of Wright, 200 N. C., 620, 158 S. E., 192. While the office of probate judge, which was formerly set up in the Constitution of 1868, Article IV, sections 16 and 17, has been abolished, the jurisdiction of the probate court, as a separate entity, has been retained. Thus C. S., 925, declares that “the duties heretofore pertaining to clerks of the Superior Court as judges of probate shall be performed by the clerks of the Superior Court as clerks of said court,” etc. The performance of *545a judicial act necessarily implies a court with both jurisdiction and discretion to bear and rule.
There is an item of $2,096.92 classified by the referee as group 6. These items consisted of expenses incurred in marketing the crop of 1928, and the price of certain mules and equipment purchased by the administrator for cultivating the farm in 1929 in accordance with the orders heretofore referred to. The trial judge charged the administrator personally with the payment of these items. However, for the reasons heretofore set out in this opinion, this ruling was erroneous.
There is also an item of $4,046.49, covering the value of certain personal property which the administrator received, a portion of which, at least, was used by the administrator in cultivating the farms. If the administrator had the right to use any of the personal property in prosecuting the farming operations under orders of the probate court, certainly he cannot be chargeable with the value of such property so used.
There is no proof that the administrator failed to exercise good faith or ordinary business prudence in prosecuting the farming operations or in using livestock and farming equipment for such purpose. Manifestly the administrator engaged in such undertaking at his peril and at the peril of his bondsman; but when it is established that such acts were not only done in the exercise of good faith, but in the further exercise of ordinary business prudence, and in addition, in conformity with an order of the probate court, approved by the proper judge of the Superior Court, it cannot be held that he incurred personal liability arising from losses sustained through the vicissitudes of the seasons and the uncertainties of the weather.
Reversed.