(1) Is the gasoline tax a property tax or an excise tax? (2) If an excise tax, is the same invalid by virtue of the constitutional exemption in Article Y, section 5 thereof ?
A phase of this case was heretofore considered in O’Berry v. Mecklenburg County, 198 N. C., 357, 151 S. E., 880. The statute then in force did not expressly include a municipality or political subdivision of the State within the definition of distributor. Consequently, the Court held that a county was not a distributor and liable for the tax on motor fuel used by such county in the discharge of its governmental functions. Perhaps, as a result of that decision, the General Assembly in 1931, as heretofore indicated, expressly included a municipality within the definition of a distributor.
The defendant asserts that the statute is unconstitutional because it invades or violates Article Y, section 5, of the Constitution. The pertinent portion of this provision is that: “property belonging to the State or to municipal corporations shall be exempt from taxation.” The word “property” has been defined by this Court as “rightful dominion over external objects; ownership; the unrestricted and exclusive right to a thing; the right to dispose of the substance of a thing in every legal-way, to possess it, to use it and to exclude every one else from interfering with it. Property is the highest right a man can have to anything, being used for that right which one has to lands or tenements, goods or chattels, which no way depends on another man’s courtesy. A right imparting to the owner a power of indefinite user, capable of being transmitted to universal successors by way of descent and imparting to the owner the right of disposition.” Vann v. Edwards, 135 N. C., 661, 47 S. E., 784. Thus, it would appear that property is a right of exclusive dominion and unrestricted user, within the law. Hence, in order to support the tax, it must be conceived that tangible property is one thing and the use and enjoyment thereof another thing so as to achieve *205a result whereby the one may be exempt and tbe other taxed. This result has been achieved by assuming that a tax on the use of property is an excise tax, while the tax upon the property itself is an ad valorem tax. Courts and text-writers generally have reached the conclusion that a gasoline tax of the type involved in this suit, is an excise tax. Furthermore, the decisions are in accord upon the proposition that constitutional exemptions are ordinarily applicable only to ad valorem taxes. This view is held by the courts of Florida, Tennessee, Kentucky, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, New Mexico and South Carolina. See Orange State Oil Co. v. Amos, 130 Southern, 707; Foster & Creighton Co. v. Graham, 285 S. W., 570; People v. City and County of Denver, 272 Pac., 629; Independent School District v. Pfost, 4 Pac. (2d), 377; City of Greenville v. Query, 164 S. E., 844. Bowman v. Continental Oil Co., 256 U. S., 642; Hart Refineries v. Harmon, 278 U. S., 499; Breece Lumber Co. v. Mirabal, Comptroller, 287 Pac., 699, affirmed 283 U. S., 788.
One of the latest decisions is the Query case, supra. Article X, section 4, of the Constitution of South Carolina provides: “There shall be exempted from taxation all county, township and municipal property used exclusively for public purposes.” The Court said: “There is no inhibition in our Constitution on the power of the General Assembly to impose excise taxes. As the provisions of Article X deal only with ad valorem taxes on property (and, in addition, with license taxes on occupations and businesses, income taxes, and others expressly therein named), it would seem logically to follow that the exemptions provided for in that article would apply only to the kinds of taxes therein dealt with and regulated. As neither this provision of the Constitution, nor any other, in any way refer to excise taxes, we hold that the exemptions therein allowed cannot be claimed against such taxes. In this conclusion we are not without support from eminent authority.”
Moreover, it has been consistently held in this State that the court will not declare an act of the Legislature unconstitutional unless the invalidity appears beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, if the validity of a statute is assailed, and there are two possible interpretations, that interpretation will be upheld which sustains the statute. Also, it has been, generally held that exemption from taxation must be strictly construed in favor of the taxing power.
The judicial denomination of a tax as an excise tax or a property tax is a mere use of terms and the selection of certain letters from the alphabet. The ultimate test is the operation of the tax and its practical application to the commercial transactions of life. Nevertheless, it must be conceded and recognized that the expansion of commercial life and the complexity of social contacts and obligations have constantly demanded a broadening of taxing power; perhaps, not fully conceived and *206appraised by our ancestors in framing constitutional exemptions. Consequently, economic necessity bas demanded and continues to demand a liberalization of constitutional interpretation. This liberalizing necessity was applied by Brown, J., in tbe absentee voter case. In Jenkins v. Board of Elections, 180 N. C., 169, 85 S. E., 289, be wrote: “Tbe fact that this law originated from extraordinary emergency, and was not contemplated by tbe framers of tbe Constitution, can make no difference. If tbe power resides in tbe legislators, they may exercise it and apply it to all voters, whether soldiers or not. A power not limited or withheld abides in the people, and in such case tbe Legislature, like Parliament, is omnipotent. ... A constitution should not receive a technical construction as if it were an ordinary instrument or statute. It should be interpreted so as to carry out tbe general principles of tbe government, and not defeat them.” Tbe opinion quotes tbe following: “When we construe a constitution by implication of such rigor and inflexibility as to defeat tbe legislative regulations, we not only violate accepted principles of interpretation, but we destroy tbe rights which tbe Constitution intended to guard.”
Tbe money derived from tbe gasoline tax is to be used in tbe general maintenance of tbe highway system of tbe State, and, as our Constitution does not forbid tbe levy of excise taxes for such purposes, and as tbe General Assembly bas expressly included municipalities within tbe definition of distributors using motor fuel, this Court is not inclined to strike down tbe statute.
Reversed.