The case turns on the twelfth assignment of error. The three daughters of the deceased, parties interested in tbe event, testified that their father did not have sufficient mental capacity to make a will when tbe paper-writings propounded as such were executed. They then related a number of personal transactions and communications bad with the deceased, upon which they based their opinions.
Was tbe testimony relating to these transactions and communications competent as substantive evidence?
It has been held that, in a proceeding of this kind, both propounders and caveators are “parties” within tbe meaning and spirit of O. S., 1795, which disqualifies a party or person interested in tbe event, or a person under whom such party or person interested derives bis interest, *349from testifying as a witness in bis own bebalf against tbe executor, administrator or survivor of a deceased person, concerning a personal transaction or communication between tbe witness and tbe deceased, except where tbe executor, administrator or survivor, is examined in bis own bebalf, or tbe testimony of tbe deceased person is given in evidence concerning tbe same transaction or communication. In re Mann, 192 N. C., 248, 134 S. E., 649; In re Chisman, 175 N. C., 420, 95 S. E., 769.
The disqualification of sucb witnesses to give evidence concerning personal transactions or communications bad witb a decedent, rests not merely upon the ground “that the dead man cannot bave a fair showing, but upon the broader and more practical ground that the other party to the action has no chance by the oath of the relevant witness to reply to the oath of the party to the action.” McCanless v. Reynolds, 74 N. C., 301. Men quite often understand and interpret personal transactions and communications differently, at best; hence, the Legislature, in its wisdom, has provided that an ex parte version of sucb matters may not be received in evidence except as above stated and as further provided by the statute. White v. Evans, 188 N. C., 212, 124 S. E., 194; Sherrill v. Wilhelm, 182 N. C., 673, 110 S. E., 95; Insurance Co. v. Jones, 191 N. C., 176, 131 S. E., 587. The reason for the provision was stated by Rodman, J., in Whitesides v. Green, 64 N. C., 307, as follows: “No interested party shall swear to a transaction witb the deceased, to charge bis estate, because the deceased cannot swear in reply. If, however, the representative of the deceased will swear to sucb a transaction, to benefit the estate, fair play requires the rule to be altogether dispensed witb.”
Unless both parties can be beard, it is better to bear neither, because it not only has the appearance of unfairness, but, where only one participant can speak, it affords an easy opportunity, and a temptation perhaps, to commit perjury. Bissett v. Bailey, 176 N. C., 43, 96 S. E., 648.
“If self tbe wavering balance shake,
It’s rarely right adjusted.” — Burns, Epistle to a Young Friend.
It is conceded that the testimony of parties and persons interested in the event, concerning personal transactions or communications bad with a decedent, is not within the inhibition of C. S., 1795, when such testimony is offered to show the basis of the opinions of the witnesses relative to the mental capacity of the deceased. In re Hinton, 180 N. C., 206, 104 S. E., 341; Bissett v. Bailey, supra; In re Will of Stocks, 175 N. C., 224, 95 S. E., 360. Witnesses prohibited from testifying to per*350sonal transactions or communications with a decedent, by reason of their relation to the action or the interest which they may have in its outcome, are not thereby excluded from giving their opinions as to his mental condition. Rakestraw v. Pratt, 160 N. C., 436, 76 S. E., 259; Erwin v. Fillenwarth, 160 Iowa, 210, 137 N. W., 502; 22 C. J., 603. “And so are held to be competent, as outside the purpose of the statute, declarations and acts of the deceased upon a question of mental capacity, through whatever witness the testimony is. derived.” Halliburton v. Carson, 100 N. C., 99, 5 S. E., 912.
It is otherwise on the issue of undue influence. Hathaway v. Hathaway, 91 N. C., 139; In re Will of Chisman, supra; Linebarger v. Linebarger, 143 N. C., 229, 55 S. E., 709. But there is no question of undue influence raised by the present caveat.
Evidence concerning personal transactions or communications with a decedent is not prohibited by the statute, but only certain witnesses from giving it. In re Mann, supra; Erwin v. Fillenwarth, supra. Indeed, such evidence may be the best and most pertinent to the .issue. In re Will of Stocks, supra. “The declarations are not received to show the truth of the things declared, but as evidence of a disordered intellect, of which they are the outward manifestations. . . . The admissibility of the witness’ opinion, resting, as it necessarily must, upon past opportunities of observing one’s conduct, requires, in order to a correct estimate of the value of the opinion, an inquiry into the facts and circumstances from which it has been formed. There seems to be no sufficient reason for receiving the opinion and excluding proof of the facts upon which it is founded.” McLeary v. Norment, 84 N. C., 235.
It has likewise been held in this jurisdiction that a witness, expert or other, who has had opportunity of knowing and observing the character of a person, whose sanity or mental capacity is assailed or brought in question, may not only depose to the facts he knows, but may also give in evidence his opinion or belief as to the sanity or insanity of the person under review, founded upon such knowledge and observation, and it is for the jurors to ascribe to his testimony that weight and credibility which the intelligence of the witness, his means of knowledge and observation, and all the circumstances attending his testimony, may in their judgment deserve. Clary v. Clary, 24 N. C., 78.
Anyone who has observed another, or conversed with him, or had dealings with him, and a reasonable opportunity, based thereon, of form■ing an opinion, satisfactory to himself, as to the mental condition of such pierson, is piermitted to give his opinion in evidence upion the issue of mental capacity, although the witness be not a psychiatrist or expert in mental disorders. White v. Hines, 182 N. C., 275, 109 S. E., 31. *351“One not an expert may give an opinion, founded upon observation, that a certain person is sane or insane.” Whitaker v. Hamilton, 126 N. C., 465, 35 S. E., 815.
It will be observed tbat the exception is not to the competency of the evidence, wbicb was admitted, but to the limitation of its use as contained in the court’s cbarge. While the learned judge may bave been infelicitous in the use of the word “substantive,” nevertheless, interpreting the instruction in the light of the whole cbarge, as we are required to do, it would seem tbat what be meant to say, and did say, within the understanding of the jury, was tbat personal transactions or communications bad between parties or persons interested in the event and the deceased, were not offered by such witnesses to prove the truth of such transactions or communications, as tending within themselves to fix liability upon the estate, but as evidence of the mental condition of the deceased and in support of the witness’ opinion concerning it. As thus understood, no barm is perceived as having come to the caveators. the verdict and judgment will be upheld.
No error.