As defined in the North Carolina Workmen’s Compensation Act, the word “death,” as a basis for a right to compensation means death resulting from an injury; and “injury” and “personal injury” mean injury by accident arising out of and in the course of the employment, and do not include disease in any- form unless it results naturally and unavoidably from the accident. Sec. 2 (f) (j). The mere fact that an injury is the result of the wilful or criminal assault of a third .person does not prevent the injury from being accidental. Conrad v. Foundry Co., 198 N. C., 723. We understand it to be, conceded that the injury resulting in the death of Robert Boozer Harden was accidental within the meaning of the act and that it arose in the course of his employment. The gravamen of the controversy is the averment and contention that the death resulted from an injury by accident arising “out of” the employment. The Commissioner’s fourth finding of facts is to the effect that the injury sustained by the deceased was not the result of an,accident arising out of his employment by the Furniture Company; and this finding was afterwards approved by the full Commission.
Whether the accident arose out of the employment is not exclusively a question of fact; it is a mixed question of fact and law. Bryant v. Fissel, 86 At. (N. J.), 458; Todd v. Man. Co., 128 At. (Md.), 42; and so, no doubt, the Commissioner and the full Commission intended *735to treat it — the specific inquiry being whether from facts which are not in controversy it results as a legal inference that the accident did not arise out of the employment.
While the phrase “in the course of” refers to time, place, and circumstance, the words “out of” relate to the origin or cause of the accident. Conrad v. Foundry Co., supra. In Chambers v. Oil Co., ante, 28, it is suggested that the term “arising out of the employment” is perhaps not capable of precise definition; and In re Employers’ Liability Assurance Corporation, 102 N. E., 697, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts remarked that it is not easy to give a definition of the words accurately including all cases within the act and precisely excluding those outside its terms. In the latter case it is said: “It (the injury) arises ‘out of’ the employment, when there is apparent to the rational mind upon consideration of all the circumstances, a causal connection between the conditions under which the work is required to be performed and the resulting injury. Under this test, if the injury can be seen to have followed as a natural incident of the work and to have been contemplated by a reasonable person familiar with the whole situation as a result of the exposure occasioned by the nature of the employment, then it arises ‘out oF the employment. But it excludes an injury which cannot fairly be traced to the employment as a contributing proximate cause and which comes from a hazard to which the workmen would have been equally exposed apart from the employment. The causative danger must be peculiar to. the work and not common to the neighborhood. It must be incidental to the character of the business and not independent of the relation of master and servant. It need not have been foreseen or expected, but after the event it must appear to have had,its origin in a risk connected with the employment, and to have flowed from that source as a rational consequence.” - ■ .;
If an employee has sustained an, injury, the risk of which might have been contemplated by a reasonable person as incidental to the service when he entered the employment, the injury may be said to have arisen out of the employment; and it may be said to be incidental to the employment when it is either an ordinary risk directly connected with the employment or an extraordinary risk which is only indirectly connected with the service owing to the special nature of the employment. Bryant v. Fissell, supra; Union Sanitary Co. v. Davis, 115 N. E. (Ind.), 676.
The decisions of various courts involving injuries inflicted by assault serve to emphasize the remark that each case must be decided upon its special facts. Utterances 'on the question in various jurisdictions may not easily be reconciled, but we are of opinion that the weight of authority is in support of the principle that if one employee assaults another solely under the impulse of anger, or hatred, or revenge, or *736vindictiveness, not growing out of but entirely foreign to tbe employment, tbe injury should be treated as tbe voluntary act of tbe assailant and not as one arising out of or incident to tbe employment. Particularly is tbis true if tbe employees are given different hours of labor and tbe service of one is in no way related to that of tbe other. In such case tbe risk does not “flow from tbe employment as a rational consequence.” Matter of Heitz v. Ruppert, 218 N. Y., 148; Jacquemin v. Turner & Seymour Man. Co., 103 At. (Conn.), 115; Union Sanitary Man. Co. v. Davis, supra; Matter of Scholtzhauer v. C. & L. Lunch Co., 233 N. Y., 12; Pioneer Coal Co. v. Hardesty, 133 N. E. (Ind.), 298.
A different question arises when tbe employee is assaulted while be is defending bis employer or bis employer’s property, or when tbe assault is incidental to some duty of tbe employment, as in Ohio Building Safety Vault Co. v. Industrial Board, 115 N. E. (Ill.), 149, and Shafter Estate Co. v. Industrial Accident Commission, 166 Pac. (Cal.), 24.
In tbe present appeal we do not find any fact or circumstance indicating any causal connection between tbe conditions under which tbe deceased was working and tbe injury be suffered, or by which we may trace tbe injury to tbe employment of tbe deceased as a contributing proximate cause. Tbe evidence taken at tbe bearing is not in tbe record, but there is no finding that tbe deceased was assaulted because be was on duty as a watchman or that be was injured in defense of tbe employer’s property, or by reason of any other fact connected with bis service. Tbe motive which inspired tbe assault was unrelated to tbe employment of tbe deceased and was likely to assert itself.at any time and in any place. In tbis respect tbe present case differs from those cases in which the injury complained of was directly traceable to and connected with the employment. In the light of these facts we are led to the conclusion that the deceased did not sustain an injury by accident-arising “out of” the course of his employment. Judgment
Affirmed..