Three questions of law are presented by the record :
1. What are the legal limitations upon the power to contract with teachers ?
*2152. "What are tbe legal essentials of a valid teacher’s contract ?
3. Are tbe contracts of plaintiffs and others similarly situated valid and enforceable?
(1) Tbe limitations of liability of tbe county commissioners and counties with respect to debts contracted by boards of education are prescribed by statute and may be classified as follows:
(a) But if tbe county board of education shall wilfully create a debt that shall in any way cause tbe expense for tbe year to exceed tbe amount authorized in tbe budget without tbe approval of tbe county commissioners, tbe indebtedness shall not be a valid obligation of tbe county and tbe members of tbe board responsible for mating tbe debt may be held liabl^ for tbe same. 3 C. S., 5464.
(b) And no contract for teachers’ salaries shall be made during any year to extend beyond tbe term of a majority of tbe committee, nor for more money than accrues to tbe credit of tbe district for tbe fiscal year during which' tbe contract is made. 3 C. S., 5533.
(c) And tbe county commissioners, after 3 March, 1923, shall not be liable for any debt, other than loans from tbe State, incurred by tbe county1 board of education in excess of tbe amount set forth in tbe May budget, unless tbe making of tbe debt was approved by tbe county commissioners. 3 C. S., 5605.
From these provisions of tbe law it is obvious that tbe county commissioner^ are liable for all amounts set up in tbe budget by tbe board of education for tbe purposes prescribed therein, and, in addition, for such further expenditures as said board of commissioners may approve.
(2) A valid teachers’ contract, imposing liability upon tbe county commissioners, must conform to tbe following statutory requirements:
(a) Teacher must be at least 18 years of age. 3 C. S., 5572.
(b) The teacher must be duly certified by the State Board of Education. 3 C. S., 5571.
(c) The contract must be signed by the county superintendent on the recommendation of the committee or board of trustees of the district in which they are to teach. 3 C. S., 5559.
(d) The salary fixed by the county board of education must be in accord with the authorized salary schedule. 3 C. S., 5561.
(e) The contract must show the salary allowed and be approved and signed by the county superintendent and copy filed with him. 3 C. S., 5516.
(f) By virtue of the limitations of liability heretofore stated the salary or amount of money specified in the contract must be included in the adopted budget or otherwise approved by the county commissioners.
(3) Considering the limitations prescribed by statute and the essentials of a valid contract, the question thereupon immediately arises: Are *216the contracts of plaintiffs and other teachers similarly situated valid and enforceable? This is the vital point in the case, and the one about which the controversy centers and from which it radiates. It is the Yerdun before which and around which the parties wage desperate battle.
In order to develop the principles of law applicable it is necessary to recur to the facts found by the trial judge. In 19201 the board of education adopted the plan of paying the salaries of teachers in twelve equal installments on the 15th of each month. The fiscal year began 1 July and ended 30 June. The teachers entered upon the performance of their duties on 15 September in each school year, and hence the first installment of salary became due on 15 October. The school term was nine months and the salaries of teachers were budgeted for the school term of nine months. It was clear that a budget of nine installments could not cover a payment of twelve installments. In this situation what could be done ? Two courses only were open: First, to budget salaries to cover twelve months instead of nine, or twelve installments instead of nine; second, to overlap or consolidate the budget of one year with that of the succeeding year. The matter remained in this uncertain condition until 30 June, 1923, the end of the fiscal year. On that date there was an unexpended budget balance for schools amounting to $5,585.98. As we construe the record the budget for 1923-24, made in May, 1923, provided for the first installment of teachers’ salaries to be paid 15 October, 1923, and thereafter on the 15th of each month for nine months, which date expired 15 June, 1924, which was the end of the school year. Therefore the July, August and September, 1924, salaries for teachers would be outside the May, 1923, budget, and also not included in the May, 1924, budget for the reason that the budget for teachers’ salaries was based upon a school year of nine months and included only nine installments, beginning on 15 October in each year and expiring 15 June of the succeeding year. Thereupon on 30 June, 1923, the board of county commissioners adopted the following resolution: “It being understood that the teachers’ salaries for July, August and September, 1924, are to be paid out of the 1924-25 budget.” This resolution authorized and approved the overlapping or consolidation of the budget for the months specified, and this custom so established and approved remained in force up to the school year 1927-28. At this time the board of education refused to “budget forward” salaries for! July, August and September upon the theory that these salaries constituted an indebtedness accruing prior to 1 July, 1927, within the purview of the County Finance Act of 1927.
In April, 1926, the plaintiffs made contracts with the board of education’in accordance with the.formalities prescribed by law for the year *2171927-28. They entered upon the discharge of their duties on 15 September, 1926, and continued to render faithful and efficient service in full compliance with their contracts. They were paid up to and including installments maturing 15 May, 1927. The installments maturing on 15 June, July, August and September, 1927, have not been paid. These overdue and unpaid installments aggregate $107,061.05, for which sum this suit is brought against the board of education and the board of county commissioners. The total sued for is composed of two items: (a) June, 1927, salaries, amounting to $27,071.51, and (b) July, August and September, 1927, salaries, amounting to $79,989.54. The contracts with teachers for 1926-27 required a sum for teachers’ salaries exceeding the amount specified in the budget for that purpose by over $27,000. Hence when the June salaries, amounting to $27,077.61, fell due on 15 June, there was no money with which to discharge the indebtedness.
The board of county commissioners contends that it is not liable for this item of June salaries for two reasons: (a) The law, 3 C. S., 5464, and 5606, provides that the commissioners shall not be liable in any sum in excess of that set forth in the May budget, unless they approve the contracting of the debt or debts in excess thereof, (b) That said board has not consented to the contracting of said debts in excess of the budget, but on the contrary, by resolution, has expressly refused to approve any excess. It appears that the board of commissioners on 7 July, 1924, approved a budget of $400,000 for the board of education, covering a period of twelve months beginning 1 July, 1924, and ending 30 June, 1925. But in said approval occurs this language: “And that this board will not in anywise be responsible for any excess expense of the board of education over the said revised budget of $400,000,” etc. In July, 1926, when the board of county commissioners approved the budget, it adopted the foregoing resolution: “This board will not in anywise be responsible for any excess expense by the board of education beyond the said amount for $423,350, and this board requests the board of education to give its assurance that it will comply with this request.”
Neither of these contentions is upheld. 3 C. S., 5559, provides that when the contract of a teacher is signed by the superintendent on the recommendation of a committee or board of trustees “it is a valid contract and the teacher is properly elected.” In other words, the statute itself expressly directs and empowers the employment of teachers and expressly provides a schedule by which their salaries shall be determined. A teacher’s salary, under such a contract, then becomes a debt under the law. The board of commissioners is not liable for any debt “in excess of the amount set forth in the May budget” unless the making of the debt was approved. It appears, however, that the total amount of *218teachers’ salaries for the year 1926-27 set up in the May budget, was $307,468.50, and that contracts were actually made aggregating $333,-870.30. The contracts so made were within the “amount set forth in the May budget,” because the May budget “set forth the amount of $423,-350.” Of course, the contracts so made exceeded the particular item in the budget providing for teachers’ salaries, buH there are no words in the statute requiring the county commissioners to specifically and independently approve each item in the budget. Indeed, it appears from the exhibits filed that the minutes of the board of county commissioners do not show the details or items of the budgets for any year except 1926-27. 3 C. S., 5601, provides: “If the board of county commissioners shall approve the total amount of the budget, it shall levy sufficient returns, after deducting thd amount to be received from the State, to produce the amount asked for in the budget,” etc. If the contention of the board of commissioners should be correct, noi teacher could afford to sign a contract until the budget was made and approved by the county commissioners. Then she would be compelled to wait until all contracts for all districts in the county had been duly filed with the county superintendent in accordance with the law. She would then be compelled to ascertain what salary every other teacher in the county was receiving and then after securing this total, she would then be compelled to go to the auditor’s office or some other place and audit the budget in order to ascertain if her contract was included within the particular item appropriated for teachers’ salaries. And after all this was done she could then sign her contract and, leave a copy with the county superintendent. Even then, perhaps, she might be compelled to stand over the board of education with a club! to prevent it from spending the money so appropriated for some other purpose in order to be certain that she did not work for nothing. Such a state of affairs, of course, would impose intolerable burdens upon the teachers. Frankly, it is conceded that various sections of the school law upon this subject are confusing, and the board of county commissioners, under the law as written, has strong justification for the contention made by it with reference to this aspect of the case.
With reference to the resolutions passed by the board of county commissioners notifying the board of education that the county would not be responsible for exceeding the budget, it appears that such resolutions had no reference to teachers’ salaries, but to the totals only. But, however this may be, the trial judge finds as a fact that the board of county commissioners is indebted to the board of education in the sum of $40,651.91 “on account of funds which belong to the board of education as a matter of law and to which said board of education was entitled,” *219etc. As tbis fund bas never been appropriated to any specific purpose tbe board of education bas tbe right to use it for any lawful purpose, and bence it could be used in paying June salaries, amounting to $27,071.51.
Now, with the June salaries disposed of, the question occurs as to the legal status of the July, August and September salaries. These salaries stand upon a different footing. The defendant contends that the resolution of the board of county commissioners of 30 June, 1923, meant and was intended to mean that the school year and fiscal year were to become coterminous and no more. But as we interpret the resolution, it undertook to approve a budget beyond the fiscal year, expiring 30 June, 1923, by appropriating out of the budget of thq succeeding school year a sum sufficient to pay salaries for the months of July, August and September. By express terms the resolution recognized, approved and authorized the “budgeting forward” of teachers’ salaries for the months specified. Tbe defendant further contends that even though the said resolution recognized the principle of “budgeting forward,” still the “budget would be the limit of liability without further action on the.part of the commissioners.” Upon its face this argument is built upon the rock of logic, but as the county commissioners approved the budget as presented and then .consented to and authorized the board of education to “budget forward” salaries for the months specified, then of necessity this constituted “further action” by the board and was an amendment to the budget expressly increasing it by the amounts necessary to meet the salaries for July, August and September. So that, while the budget would still be the limit of liability, the term budget, under these circumstances, must be understood to mean the amended budget or consolidated budget, which included salaries for July, August and September. In other words, salaries for July, August and September, while they did not appear in the May budget presented by the board of education, they did appear in the amended or consolidated budget resulting from the said "resolution of the county commissioners adopted 30 June, 1923, for the reason that the said board has expressly approved the indebtedness, by enlarging the budget so as to include such installments.
The defendant board of county commissioners asserts that the provisions of chapter 277, Public-Local Laws 1927, and the election held thereunder constitute a mandate forbidding the payment of the indebtedness in controversy. Said act in section 2 thereof, by express terms, referred to teachers’ salaries in excess of the amount specified for that item in the budget. There is no language in the act which could be construed as covering salaries for July, August and September. Moreover, the act provided that its provisions should not become effective until *220approved by the majority of qualified voters of New Hanover County. A majority of-the qualified voters did not approve the act authorizing the county commissioners to assume and pay the deficit created by the board of education. Hence this act disappears from the case. But notwithstanding the said act of 1927, if the indebtedness in controversy was valid and enforceable, and it had been duly incurred before the passage of the act, then the contractual rights of the plaintiffs could not be impaired thereby.
We hold therefore that the contracts of the plaintiffs were valid and enforceable. We hold further upon the findings of fact set out in the record that all of said indebtedness, including the said sum of $40,645.91, is a valid indebtedness of the board of commissioners of New Hanover County and that all of said indebtedness was incurred prior to the first day of July, 1927, and comes within the purview of section 8, subsection (j), chapter 81, Public Laws 1927.
Affirmed.