Tbe storehouse was entered and tbe larceny was committed on 2 June, 1926, at nigbt, and two days later tbe chief of police in Granite Falls saw tbe defendant and Charlie Craven walking down a railroad track in Burke County. Each of them carried a suitcase containing a part of tbe stolen property. When tbe officer called to them to stop Craven ran, jumped into tbe river, and escaped; tbe defendant was arrested and imprisoned, and was afterwards tried and convicted.
Upon tbe trial tbe defendant attempted to set up an alibi, and bis testimony was corroborated by that of other witnesses. He now contends — tbe evidence was circumstantial — that be was convicted for tbe reason that be happened to be found in company with Craven. His explanation is that be carried tbe suitcase for Craven; and in bis examination as a witness be gave bis reason for doing so, and insisted that be bad not previously been with Craven or with any of tbe codefendants. He offered to show by tbe cross-examination of tbe chief of police and by bis own testimony that Craven, as be ran away to escape arrest, said that be was tbe owner of tbe two suitcases and tbe clothing they contained, and that tbe defendant bad no knowledge of their contents. Tbe proposed testimony was excluded and tbe defendant excepted.
There was no error in tbe exclusion of this evidence. A confession made, not by tbe defendant, but by a third person, is not admissible. "While authority favorable to tbe admission of such evidence is not altogether wanting, most of tbe American courts exclude statements of this character. With us tbe principle may be regarded as definitely established. In S. v. May, 15 N. C., 328, tbe defendant offered in evidence tbe confession of William May that be alone was guilty of tbe crime for which Daniel was prosecuted. In rejecting this evidence Chief Justice Ruffin said: “Except tbe facts of tbe respective residences of tbe parties, which of themselves do not tend to establish guilt in either of tbe parties, it is obvious that all tbe evidence, as well that received as that rejected, consists of tbe acts and declarations of other persons, to which neither tbe State nor tbe prisoner is privy. I think tbe whole of it was inadmissible. Tbe confession is plainly so. It is mere hearsay. It may seem absurd to one not accustomed to compare proofs, and estimate tbe weight of testimony according to tbe tests of *660veracity within our power, that an unbiased confession of one man that he is guilty of an' offense with which another is charged should not establish the guilt of him who confesses it, and, by consequence, the innocence of the other; but the law must proceed on general principles, and it excludes such a confession upon the ground that it is hearsay evidence — the words of a stranger to the parties, and not spoken on oath. Indeed, all hearsay might have more or less effect, and. from some persons of good character, well known to the jury, it might avail much. Yet it is all rejected, with very few exceptions, which do not in terms or principle extend to this case. Even a judgment upon the plea of guilty could not be offered in evidence for or against another, much less a bare confession. As a declaration of another establishing his own guilt, the confession of a slave might be used upon the same principle. This, I recollect, was attempted in Owen's case, and also in Kimbrough's; but in the Supreme Court it was abandoned, and the point is not reported.” In the same case Judge Daniel remarked: “The hearsay declarations of William May, that he committed the crime, were not on oath, nor was there any opportunity for a cross-examination. The evidence, therefore, according to the plainest principles of law, was properly rejected.”
The principle is maintained in the later cases of S. v. Duncan, 28 N. C., 236, 239; S. v. While, 68 N. C., 158; S. v. Haynes, 71 N. C., 79; S. v. Bishop, 73 N. C., 44; S. v. Boon, 80 N. C., 461; S. v. Gee, 92 N. C., 756; S. v. Lane, 166 N. C., 333. To hold that Craven, who had escaped arrest by flight, should liberate his confederate by the “taunting adieu,” “I have done it, turn your sword against me,” would introduce a novelty not hitherto recognized in the administration of the criminal law in this State.
The defendant excepted to the charge on the ground that the judge failed to state in a plain and correct manner the evidence in the case and to declare and explain the law arising thereon. C. S., 564. It is insisted that no definition of larceny or of the burglarious breaking was given the jury, and that the essential elements of the crimes were not explained. We have had occasion to say that a statement of the contentions of the parties, together with a simple enunciation of a legal principle is not a sufficient compliance with the statute. Watson v. Tanning Co., 190 N. C., 840. If the charge, otherwise clear, is subject to this criticism the inadvertence was no doubt due to the fact that the defense was an alibi and the alleged impossibility of the defendant’s guilt.
The principal question had reference to the defendant’s participation in the crimes rather than to their essential elements; but as to the counts on which the defendant was convicted the constituent elements were at least inferentially given in the beginning of the charge. We find
No error.