Our Constitution, Article I, section 16, provides that there shall be no imprisonment for debt except in cases of fraud, and the authoritative cases construing this and other like sections here and elsewhere are to the effect that the inhibition extends to imprisonment for the mere nonpayment of a debt either in a civil action or by indictment involving the power to imprison. Minton v. Early, 183 N. C., 200; S. v. McRae, 170 N. C., 712; S. v. Griffin, 154 N. C., 611; S. v. Williams, 150 N. C., 802; Bailey v. State of Alabama, 219 U. S., 219.
The statute under which the indictment is drawn, C. S., 4284, makes it a misdemeanor for one to obtain lodging and food or accommodation at an inn or boarding house or lodging house without paying therefor, with intent to defraud, or who obtains credit at such houses by any false pretense, or who, after obtaining such credit or accommodation at .these places, absconds and surreptitiously removes his baggage therefrom without paying for his food, accommodation, etc.
It is clearly drawn in deference to the Constitutional provision above cited, and has been directly approved in S. v. Hill, 166 N. C., 298, on the ground that in order to a conviction under it there must have been *705fraud or false pretense in tbe making of tbe contract, or tbat a defendant should have absconded and surreptitiously removed bis baggage without paying bis bill, both being terms indicating a fraudulent purpose, and in several other decisions presenting tbe question, it has been held tbat tbe penalty of imprisonment could not be imposed for tbe mere failure or refusal to pay, under this or any statute of similar import.
Thus, in Minton v. Early, supra, it was said: “But in our opinion tbe statute referred to, imposing as it does the punishment of fine and imprisonment for abandoning a tenancy or crop, without paying for tbe advances made by tbe landlord, and without requiring any allegation or proof of fraud, either in tbe inception or breach of tbe contract, is in violation of our Constitutional provision, Article I, section 16, which inhibits ‘imprisonment for debt except in cases of fraud.’ This has been virtually held in S. v. Williams, 150 N. C., 802, wherein the Court decides, the present Chief Justice delivering the opinion, that without averment of fraud, a bill of indictment under this section, then Rev., 3366, should be quashed. And, for the same reasons, the clause of the statute making it indictable for a landlord to fail and refuse to furnish advancements as per agreement is an invalid provision, for, without either averment or proof of fraud, both are ordinary breaches of contract, for which the parties charged may only be held for the civil liability. A similar decision appears in S. v. Griffin, 154 N. C., 611, where a conviction, under C. S., 4281, Rev., 3431,' for obtaining money, etc., under a promise to begin certain work, and wilful breach, was set aside for lack of any proof of fraud in the transaction other than the obtaining of the advances under the promise to begin the work and a failure to comply. And the same general principle is approved and applied by the Supreme Court of the United States in Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U. S., 219, a decision which this Court recognized as controlling in the Griffin case, supra.”
And in S. v. McRae, supra, after setting aside a conviction under the present statute on the grounds that the prosecutrix was not maintaining a boarding house within the meaning of the statute, the opinion closes with the additional reason, as follows: “There is also another fatal objection to maintaining the prosecution, and that is, a failure to pay is not sufficient evidence of an intent to defraud,” citing S. v. Griffin, 154 N. C., 611. S. v. McRae being a case where a defendant, having boarded with the prosecutrix for nine weeks, under a promise to pay $2.50 per week, left without making any payment!
Considering the record in view of these and similar cases, we are of opinion, that the conduct of defendant was not such as to justify or *706permit the inference of criminality as defined and contemplated by the statute. The prosecutrix, the only witness for the State, testifying in chief as follows:
“Rube Barbee and his wife boarded with me. His wife came on 6 January and stayed until about 11 May. He worked at the mill and then he quit. He didn’t exactly leave. He came back to get his meals. His wife said to him, ‘Rube, you are going to leave the job and you can’t pay Mrs. Cline.’ And he said, ‘You never mind, I will pay Mrs. Cline for my board if I don’t work.’
“I told him I was living in the company’s house and keeping boarders who worked in the mill. He said, ‘I will be in Saturday morning and pay your board.’ He always stayed out late, and I never saw him until two weeks after that. His wife went to her father’s and brought Rube back home with her Sunday evening. He went in the mill Monday morning and they paid him up, and he said, ‘They paid me up this morning and I will have to leave and go off and hunt a job. I will leave you $5 at the cafe or the barber shop.’ I sent the little boy and got that. He said, ‘Mrs. Cline, I will give you a written order to show you that I will pay you $25 the 25th day of February, and the balance in two weeks.’ When he left his bill was $62.
“He went off and left his wife and two children with me. They stayed there from 15 February until about 11 May. He never did come back to pay me. His wife stayed there for about six weeks after Rube left before going to work, and she went to Concord and took out a warrant for Rube. Rube did not come back. She stayed after that until about 11 May. He did not pay her board or his. When his wife left she went to the trunk; she was going to her father’s; she took away all the clothes that were fit to wear, and went to Rube’s trunk and carried them off too. Rube did not come back to pay me. He never sent me any more money.
“His wife paid her board after she went to work, and paid while she was working. Rube Barbee owes me $102 for himself and children. He sent me a money order for $2 on board and said, ‘I will pay you a little along until I get you paid.’ He has never paid me any more. This was last July.”
And from this, the only testimony offered, we find nothing beyond a failure or refusal to pay the debt, and as to taking away the clothes of defendant, which seems to have chiefly inspired the prosecution, that was done by his wife, and there is no evidence whatever that defendant either advised or procured it or that he had any knowledge of it. The last heard of the two, she was having him prosecuted for nonsupport, and there is nothing in the record to show that the wife took the clothes to him or that they have ever renewed their marital association.
*707As to defendant himself, when he lost his place at the mill and went away, avowedly to seek another job, he paid- $5 on account and gave her a written acknowledgment of the debt, and has since sent her $2 on it with a renewed promise of eventual payment. So far as he was concerned, he went away with nothing but what he was then wearing, leaving trunk and clothes at the boarding house, and there is not a particle of evidence to show that he has ever received either, or that he had anything to do with their removal.
On the facts presented we are of opinion, as stated, that the motion for nonsuit should have been allowed and the prosecution dismissed.
Reversed.