after stating tbe case: Tbe plaintiff says tbat be was hindered by two deaths, first, tbat of M. 3L Gray, and second, tbat of James Baxter, plaintiff's sawyer.
It is clear tbat no recovery can be bad simply because either Gray or Baxter, or any one else, died, but it must appear tbat Gray has been, or perhaps bis heirs or assigns have been, providentially hindered by death. There is no special statement in tbe complaint of any facts constituting a cause of action on account of any hindrance by death, but only tbe general allegation tbat tbe work of cutting and removing tbe timber were hindered by tbe death of Gray and Baxter. Defendants, therefore, claim tbat tbe action should have been dismissed in tbe beginning, and tbat tbe court committed no error in its subsequent rulings. And tbat but for tbe nonsuit voluntarily taken tbe Court should dismiss tbe action here ex mero motu, citing Moore v. Hobbs, 79 N. C., 535; Garrison v. Williams, 150 N. C., 674. It is further contended by tbe defendants tbat there is no evidence in tbe record to show tbat either Gray was, or bis heirs were, hindered in tbe least from removing tbe timber within tbe three years, either by tbe death of Gray or any other death, tbe sole testimony offered with respect to any hindrance being tbat of tbe plaintiff Wilcox. We need not consider this claim of tbe defendants, because, as will appear later on, we are of tbe opinion tbat tbe plaintiff acquired, if anything, only a precarious right of possession, which could be determined at any time by. M. K. Gray, by himself or bis duly authorized agent acting in bis behalf, tbe plaintiff W. C. Wilcox having only tbe oral permission, or contract, if it may be so called, to enter upon tbe land and to cut and remove tbe timber thereon. But more of this hereinafter.
Was Wilcox hindered by Gray’s death? He himself says tbat.be was not so hindered, but tbat Hodgin, tbe agent of Gray, who put him in possession of tbe timber, stopped him from cutting under some sort of an oral contract, and this was before tbe death of Gray; and tbat be was not hindered from cutting and removing "the timber by any of Gray’s heirs, or bis executor, after tbe death of Gray. There is no evidence tbat Gray’s heirs, or executors, or devisees, were hindered by Gray’s *639death. Indeed, the evidence shows that the plaintiff did not even have the pretense of a legal title, which he claims, until after the death of Gray, and until after the three years had expired, and nothing except the oral contract of purchase with Hodgin, the agent of Gray. M. K. Gray, through Hodgin, his agent, stopped the work of plaintiff, as he had the right to do (the contract not being in writing). This, of course, was done in the lifetime of M. K. Gray, the owner of the land, and put an end to all rights of plaintiff in the timber, according to his own showing, until after the death of Gray.
That the death of James Baxter, the sawyer of plaintiff, while plaintiff was cutting this timber, under the oral contract with Hodgin or his oral permission, during the life of Gray, can be construed as one of the hindrances within the reasonable contemplation of the parties, under the terms of the contract, can hardly be made the subject of serious contention. If neither Gray was, nor his heirs were, providentially hindered from cutting and removing the timber within the three years by death, how can the plaintiff, whose record title, on which he must depend, which is dated after the expiration of the three years, claim any rights which are superior to those of defendants? In fact, the plaintiff, as will appear, has shown no title to the timber.
1. It is further contended by the defendants that the will of M. K. Gray is not probated according to law, as the subscribing witnesses do not testify that Gray was of sound mind and disposing memory, except by the inference that the testator is the one referred to, and they do not testify that they signed as witnesses in the presence of each other, but laying this suggestion out of the case, we proceed to consider the remaining questions.
2. The will does not confer authority on the executor to sell this timber, if the ownership of the timber can be determined until after the death of the widow, and the power of attorney to the executor from the alleged heirs at law 'of Gray (which only purports to authorize a sale of Guilford County property) is without effective validity.
3. The deed of the timber to plaintiff is void, and conveys nothing. It purports to be a deed from the heirs at law of M. K. Gray, without naming any of them, and none of the heirs at law executes it; it is signed by E. W. Gray, in his capacity as the executor of M. K. Gray, deceased, and it does not even purport to be his individual deed. It is most truly a “scrap of paper,” say the defendants. Gray v. Mathis, 52 N. C., 502; King v. Rhew, 108 N. C., 696; 13 Cyc., 540 (cited by defendants’ counsel), to which we add Lefflin v. Curtis, 13 Mass., 233; Gatlin v. Weare, 9 ib., 217; Cruise’s Digest of Real Property, 260, note 2; and see, also, Kearns v. Peeler, 49 N. C. (4 Jones Law), 226.
*640The case is simply this, tbat the original right to cut the timber on and remove the same from the land, which was given to M. K. Gray by the defendants, contained the provision as to cutting and removing' within three years, or within five years if providentially hindered by death, there having been no fire to impede or prolong the cutting and removal of the timber. The right to cut was then passed to the plaintiff W. 0. "Willcox, by oral agreement between him and John A. Hodgin, agent of M. K. Gray for the purpose, and M. K. Gray, by his said agent, subsequently revoked this permission, or license, to cut and remove the timber, which he clearly had the fight to do, it not being evidenced by any memorandum in writing, as required by the statute of frauds. The right acquired under the oral transaction, even if it amounted to a valid license for the time being, or until withdrawn by some act of the owner, is necessarily revocable, and, when revoked, left the plaintiff without any right of recovery against the defendants. 20 Cyc., 212, says that it is generally held that trees and growing grass are so far realty that title to them will not pass without writing, but that crops raised by yearly labor are chattels and will pass by parol. See, also, pages 215 (4), 216, 217, and 218. We find the following in Reed on the Statute of Frauds (a very excellent treatise on that important subject, sec. 685, which is, that “An oral invalid contract anywhere in the line of title vitiates the latter; and'in an action brought to recover a chattel, if the evidence introduced by the plaintiff to establish his title showed that the title depended upon a verbal contract within the statute of frauds, th'e courts ought to instruct the jury to disregard such evidence. If a writing is necessary to pass the right to the thing in demand, etc., a submission and award must be in writing. That a defendant has conveyed to a bona fide purchaser without notice does not avail, as he had no title to convey.” We have held that an agreement for the cutting upon and removal of trees from land passes the title to the trees sub modo, and is within the statute of frauds. Bunch v. Lumber Co., 134 N. C., 116; Hawkins v. Lumber Co., 139 N. C., 162, 165; Lumber Co. v. Corey, 140 N. C., 462, and other cases cited in the annotated edition of 134 N. C., at p. 124, and Moring v. Ward, 50 N. C., 272. The oral agreement between M. K. Gray (acting through his agent, Hodgins) and the plaintiff purported to pass an interest in land, the trees being regarded as a part thereof, was void under our statute of frauds, and plaintiff acquired no interest therein, and certainly none, except at the will of M. K. Gray, which he exercised against a further continuance of the right to cut and remove the timber. His right, if any existed, was thus terminated.
This being so, he now claims that it was restored by the power of attorney of M. K. Gray’s heirs to R. W. Gray, his executor. Rut the *641power, at most, applied only to tbe lands in tbe county of Guilford, and tbe lands in controversy lie in tbe county of Moore, so tbat plaintiff cannot improve bis position by a reliance upon tbe power. Besides, tbe power, even as to tbe Guilford lands, was never exercised, as no valid deed was ever made by tbe executor as to those lands, for under tbe power tbe instrument claimed to be tbe executor’s deed describes only tbe lands in Moore County; .tbe timber on wbicb was conveyed by tbe defendants to M. K. Gray. It would seem to be useless to further consider tbe question as to whether tbat deed was properly framed and executed by tbe executor. There is no reference in it to tbe power, tbe names of tbe heirs were never inserted in it, and while it contains a blank presumably for their names, it is still there, and it thus appears in tbe deed: ., heirs at law of M. K. Gray,” and signed by “E. W. Gray, as executor of M. K; Gray, deceased (seal),” though tbat name and title nowhere appears in tbe body of tbe deed. See cases supra on this point, and Bateman v. Lumber Co., 154 N. C., 248. But even if tbe deed were properly drawn and executed, and sufficient in form to pass tbe title, tbe executor bad no power under tbe will to convey tbe Moore County lands, until other designated lands bad been first sold, and then only to pay bis testator’s debts, and be bad no right to make tbe deed under tbe power, as it did not embrace these lands, and only described tbe lands in Guilford, nor did be profess, as executor, to be acting either under tbe power contained in tbe letter of attorney or under any power to be found in the will. The plaintiff, therefore, so far as this paper-writing is concerned, is hedged in by many, if not insurmountable, difficulties.
Upon a careful review of tbe entire case, as shown even by tbe plaintiff himself, tbe intimation of tbe judge was correct.
If by any chance tbe court committed technical error in tbe exclusion of any evidence offered, tbe whole case shows tbat tbe plaintiff can in no event recover, and tbe voluntary nonsuit was properly taken by tbe plaintiff, and leaves him out of court. Bateman v. Lumber Co., 154 N. C., at p. 249, fifth beadnote.
Tbe ruling of the court is free from reversible error.
Affirmed.
Adajis, J., did not sit.