This is a proceeding for indirect contempt, under C. S., 984, by conduct impeding and impairing tbe respect due to, and tbe authority of, tbe court, by abusing and assaulting a juror. Such conduct occurred during tbe term of tbe court, but not in the immediate presence of tbe court.
Tbe Court held In re Gorham, 129 N. C., 485, that in a proceeding as for contempt in attempting to influence a juror, tbe findings of fact by tbe trial judge, if there is any evidence, cannot be reviewed on appeal, and that tbe respondent can purge himself only where tbe intention is tbe gravamen of tbe offense. Baker v. Cordon, 86 N. C., 116. Here there is evidence, and tbe offense was in tbe act and not in tbe intention.
In this case, moreover, there was slight divergence between tbe evidence for tbe State and tbe respondent, and there was ample evidence to justify tbe findings of fact by tbe court. While tbe respondent denies attempting to strike tbe juror Liles, be does not deny tbe abusive and threatening language as to him and tbe other jurors on account of tbe verdict they rendered against him. Said juror testified that when tbe respondent upon tbe recess of tbe court met him and began cursing and abusing him and tbe rest of tbe jury who bad sat on tbe case, using *52profane and vile expressions, that he started to walk away from said Fountain, but the latter continued to walk beside him, cursing and abusing him and all members of the jury, and repeatedly raised his hand and shook it in his face, continuing to threaten and abuse both affiant and all other members of the jury, talking in an angry and vehement manner and threatening him so that affiant had to walk away from him, being an old man 70 years of age, to avoid a battery upon him, and walked into the lot of an adjacent stables to avoid personal encounter and fisticuff, as he thought the said Fountain was going to strike him, and he was actually put in fear, and that this was before the court had adjourned for the term, and about two hours after the affiant had been discharged as a juror. There was also an affidavit by the deputy sheriff that he was unable at that term of the court to serve the rule upon said Fountain, though, his residence and place of business was in Tarboro,. he absenting himself from the county for the purpose of avoiding said officer or keeping himself concealed to prevent service of said rule upon him. On an appeal in sftch proceedings from an inferior court, the findings of fact are reviewable, but it is otherwise when the appeal is from the Superior Court. In re Deaton, 105 N. C., 62.
■ The respondent does not deny the use of abusive language, as stated by the juror as above, and says that he might have used gestures and raised his hand, but that he did not intend to assault him or put him in fear, and asserts he left town upon business.
In re Hampton, 63 N. C., 13, where the defendant in striking distance of the .prosecutor, his arm being bent but not drawn back, said to the prosecutor, “I have a great mind to hit you.” Whereupon the prosecutor-walked away. It was held that the defendant was guilty of an assault..
But it was not necessary, indeed, that there should have been a battery upon the juror. This is not an indictment for such battery. It is; sufficient if the juror was called in question in the manner above stated for the discharge of his official duty in rendering his verdict, for the court properly held that such conduct tended “to impede and hinder the proceedings of the court, and to impair the respect and authority for the proceedings of the court,” and adjudged that the respondent had been guilty of contempt of the court. C. S., 984.
The defendant contends that he has purged himself of contempt by denying his intention to show contempt for the court. The question is not whether the respondent intended to show his contempt of the court, but whether he intentionally did the acts which were a contempt of the court. In re Parker, 177 N. C., 467.
The adjustment of differences between parties or the investigation of' conduct forbidden by law by legal tribunals, instead of by personal *53strength, marks tbe line between civilized government and barbarism. "When tbe tribunals established for that purpose have investigated tbe matter at issue, or are investigating it, their action is to be respected and obeyed and is subject to review only in tbe method provided by law.
In Ex parte McCown, 139 N. C., 95, there was a personal attack upon a judge during the recess of the court and before it had actually adjourned, though the case on account of which the judge was attacked had been finally disposed of, and the court held that McCown was in contempt; that the right of the court to be protected in the discharge of its duty an inherent power of which it could not be deprived, for the Constitution, Art. IV, sec. 12, provides: “The General Assembly shall have no power to deprive the Judicial Department of any power or jurisdiction which rightfully pertains to it as a coordinate department of the government.” It is a most essential power rightfully pertaining to the Judicial Department that those administering it, whether judges or jurors, shall not be assaulted or intimidated by violent and threatening conduct from the untrammeled discharge of their duties, and this is as essential in regard to jurors, who are a part of the court, as it is to the judges.
There would be small assurance of the impartial and fearless administration of justice if the judges only are to be protected from such misconduct as is here shown, but the jurors who are much more liable to be thus called in question should be left to defend themselves by physical strength or by indictment or prosecution of the offenders.
In re Brown, 168 N. C., 411, the Court held that a newspaper criticism after the court had adjourned was personal to the judge and not a matter of contempt. That case was rested upon the ground that the court had adjourned.
In the McCown case, 139 N. C., 110, Judge Walker said: “As courts can exercise judicial functions only through their judicial officers, an assault upon such officer because he has discharged a required duty is necessarily an attack upon the court for what it has done in the administration of justice.” That case holds that such conduct is direct contempt, and is constructively done in the presence of the court and falls within subsection, C. S., 978 (1). Besides the able and full discussion of the whole matter in that case, see, also, S. v. Little, 175 N. C., 743, in which it is held, Hoke, J., that the power of the court to attach for contempt includes in its protection all officers of the court, jurors, attorneys, and others who in the line of their official duties are assisting the court in the dispatch of its duties, and all witnesses who are in attendance under subpoena. In that case the defendant in a criminal action had assaulted the State’s witness before the trial, for the purpose of hinder*54ing or delaying tbe administration of justice, and be was beld to be in direct contempt, and tbat tbe respondent bad no right of appeal, or to demand trial by jury or to demand tbat bis bearing be removed before another judge. Nothing could be added to tbe very full and careful discussion of tbe subject-matter in S. v. Little.
Tbe respondent was entitled to an appeal (In re Parker, supra), but if be were not — if bis sentence were excessive or tbe jurisdiction was doubtful — bis remedy was by habeas corpus proceedings and a certio-rari, if necessary, from tbis Court. In re Holley, 154 N. C., 163.
Disregarding, however, tbis phase of tbe case, we find in tbe judgment of tbe court
No error.