The only question presented in the construction of the following devise: “I give and devise to my children (naming them) *8my tract of land where I now reside, containing about 50 acres, with tbe distinct understanding that the parts or parcels hereinafter allotted to each is not to be sold to any one by him or them, except the right to sell to one of those above named, it being my desire that the said land shall descend to my grandchildren.” Then followed the directions for the allotment of the tract of land among the nine children. All these lots have been sold to others than one of the heir's, and thus came into the hands of the plaintiffs, who sold to the defendant, who refuses to pay the deferred notes for the purchase money upon the ground that the plaintiffs’ warranty of title is invalid.
The words used do not make the devise to the children a life estate with remainder over, nor do they confer a defeasible fee as in Whitfield v. Garris, 134 N. C., 24. There are no words of defeasance, and the devise on its face is in fee simple.
We are further of opinion that the expression of the testator’s wish that the land should “descend to his grandchildren” is the expression of his wish only, and not a legal limitation of the devise. But if it were otherwise, it is invalid as a restriction upon alienation.
In Munroe v. Hall, 97 N. C., 207, it was held that where land was conveyed with a proviso that the grantees “should not sell or dispose of the land in any way whatever,” the proviso was repugnant to the fee-simple estate conveyed and was absolutely void.
In Hardy v. Galloway, 111 N. C., 519, it was held that a provision in a deed that the vendors “retain for themselves and their heirs and assigns the right to repurchase said land when sold” was an illegal restriction upon the right to alienation, and void, citing Twitty v. Camp, 62 N. C., 61, which held void a restriction upon a devisee that he should not sell or encumber his land before reaching 35 years of age.
In Pritchard v. Bailey, 113 N. C., 525, it was held, citing Hardy v. Galloway, supra, that a provision in a deed that the grantee shall not sell the property during her life was contrary to public policy, and void.
In Latimer v. Waddell, 119 N. C., 378, the above cases are cited with approval, and the Court held: “A condition annexed to the conveyance in fee simple, by a deed or will, preventing alienation of an estate by the grantee within a certain period of time is void.” The restriction in that case was a prohibition to sell for five years. This is a well considered case by Montgomery, J., and is printed in 3 L. R. A. (N. S.), 668, with full notes discussing the whole subject.
In Wool v. Fleetwood, 136 N. C., 460, by Walker, J., the subject is again reviewed, with full citation of authorities and affirming the illegality of restrictions against alienation.
In Christmas v. Winston, 152 N. C., 49, the above authorities were again cited and approved in an opinion by Brown, J., which holds that any restriction upon alienation is invalid.
*9It is held in an opinion by Allen, J., in Trust Co. v. Nicholson, 162 N. C., 263, citing with approval tbe above authorities, that restrictions upon alienation are void.
In Schwren v. Falls, 170 N. C., 252, it was held that a provision in a conveyance that the grantee “shall not dispose o£ any part of the land unless she should become a widow and unless her necessity requires it, and then only with the consent of the executor was void as a restraint upon alienation.”
In Lee v. Gates, 171 N. C., 721, the whole subject is fully reviewed by Walker, J., summing upon the authorities above cited and others, and holding that a restraint upon alienation is invalid whether it applies to the equitable or legal title, stating that we adopted this rule from the English courts in Dick v. Pickford, 21 N. C., 480, and have consistently followed it ever since.
The only case in our Reports which has been considered at all hesitant on this question is Ex Parte Watts, 130 N. C., 237; but upon examination* it will be found that it is not in conflict with the settled line of cases in our Reports. In Ex Parte Watts the devise by the mother was of her home place and lot to her four children “as a common home, with equal rights to -the same, until twenty-one years after the ■death of herself and husband,” and that “then they and their heirs are to own said house and lot in fee simple.” There was a provision that if the house should be burned the insurance money should be used to build another house on the same lot, and a fund was devised for the purpose of keeping up the home. The Court held that by the evident intent of the will this was a, devise, to such of them as should desire, of the use of the property for a home for a term of twenty-one years, with remainder after the expiration of said term to them as tenants in common in fee simple.
In 3 L. R. A. (1906), 668, Latimer v. Waddell, supra, is reprinted with the fullest citation of all the authorities in the notes. The learned editor points out that there are two lines of decisions, one holding that any restraint upon alienation of fee-simple title for a limited period, however brief, even for a day, is void for repugnancy, and that this is almost the universal rule, but that there are a few cases that a limited restraint upon alienation, if for a reasonable time, is valid. The authorities in this State, however, are uniform, as above stated.
It is a singular commentary upon human nature that, knowing the ■difficulty of managing to the best advantage one’s own estate while living, with full knowledge of changing conditions, that any man should wish, ■or think himself competent, to restrict by deed or will the control of property in the hands of a grantee or devisee after the grantor shall have passed hence. No one can foresee the changing conditions which *10may arise and wbieb will require a change in the investment or in the management of property in the always uncertain future. Certainly the grantor or devisor should realize that after the property has passed from his hands, those who hold it should be credited with equal capacity, and in view of their superior knowledge of new conditions that they will be possessed of superior ability to select the best course to be taken with the property which has been conveyed to them by will or deed. It certainly seems irrational for a devisor to hold his own children incompetent to manage such property, but that his grandchildren, whom he does-not know, shall possess sufficient ability. It is the vanity of human nature that one out of whose hands property is passing should seek to-control it after it has ceased to be his.
For these reasons, and also because as a matter of public policy estates-should be unfettered, the courts generally, and in this State uniformly,, have held that restraints upon alienation of property conveyed or devised in fee simple are invalid. This does not in any wise affect the conveyance or devise of property upon a fee defeasible in which the de-feasance depends upon a future or contingent event.
We are of opinion that the devise in this case is not of the life estate to the children of the devisor, with remainder to the grandchildren, the words of the devise cannot be so construed, but is óf a fee simple to the children with at most a restriction (if it is not an expression merely of a wish) that they can convey only to one of their own number, and this is void. The plaintiffs, therefore, can convey a fee-simple title to the defendant.z
Reversed.