Tbe plaintiffs are tbe owners of tbe land in controversy if tbe deed of 1881 was delivered, although not then in esse, because of tbe conveyance by tbe deed of a life estate to W. S. Roe (Powell v. Powell, 168 N. C., 561), and tbe deed of 1886 could not affect their title as it was executed prior to tbe enactment of tbe statute conferring tbe power to revoke a deed when made to persons not then in being (Acts 1893, cb. 498, now Eevisal, sec. 1045), and tbe title having passed from tbe grantor by tbe first deed, if delivered, it could not be recalled. Buchanan v. Clarke, 164 N. C., 58.
These positions, practically conceded by tbe parties, show tbe importance and materiality of tbe declaration of W. S. Eoe, which is tbe only evidence offered by tbe defendant to rebut the presumption of delivery arising from tbe registration of tbe deed, and tbe question presented is as to tbe admissibility of tbis declaration.
It was not competent as an admission because not made by a party, or by one under whom tbe plaintiffs claim, as they derive their title from tbe deed of William Eoe and not from W. S. Eoe, and if admissible at all it must be as a declaration against interest, which is a recognized exception .to tbe rule excluding hearsay evidence.
Declarations against interest are admitted from' necessity, as otherwise, tbe declarant being dead, a party might be deprived of tbe opportunity to establish a just cause, and because self-interest is supposed to supply a test of truth as efficacious as tbe oath and cross-examination; and it has been held, in tbe application of tbe rule, that tbe declaration of a life tenant may be competent against a remainderman. Smith v. Moore, 142 N. C., 287.
Tbe courts, however, while receiving evidence of tbis character, say that “tbe testimony of witnesses based merely apon memory as to oral *264statements made by persons since deceased should be received with great caution, and if a long time has elap>sed since the alleged statements (in this case more than thirty years), such testimony is held to be most unsatisfactory and inconclusive.” Dixon v. Dixon, Ann. Cas., 1915 D, 622.
“Words are harder to observe than physical things.” Minto Logic., 290. “The narration of conversations correctly is the most difficult fact of memory and expression.” Piffett’s Succession, 37; Lee Ann., 871. “Conversations are always but partially recollected, never truly stated.” Note to Wilbur v. Toothaker, 18 Ann. Cas., 1191.
“This character of evidence is the weakest and least satisfactory of any in persuasive character. It may be observed that they ought to be received with great caution. ‘The evidence, consisting as it does in the mere repetition of oral statements, is subject to much imperfection and mistake, the party himself either being misinformed, or not having clearly expressed his own meaning, or the witness having misunderstood him. It frequently happens, also, that the witness, by unintentionally altering a few of the- expressions really used, gives an effect to the state.ment completely at variance with what the party did say.’ 1 Green on Ev., 16tli, 2d sec. 200.
“Though the witness who testifies to the oral statement may be honest, his memory may be at fault, or he may have failed to comprehend and interpret the statement as it was intended to be understood by the speaker. . . . Moreover, so easy is it to fabricate such evidence that there is strong temptation to a dishonest or interested witness to do so. (17 Cyc., 806.) After enumerating these elements of weakness, the author of the article in Cyc. on this subject, at page 808, remarks: ‘Exposed to all the infirmities just mentioned is the testimony to oral statements of dead men, which is invariably subjected to the closest scrutiny in view of the impossibility in most cases of convicting the witness of perjury if his testimony is willfully false.’ ” Escollier v. R. R., Ann. Cases, 1914 B., 470-1.
In furtherance of this policy of caution and scrutiny, the line has been marked between the declarations of deceased persons and the admissions of parties, which are subject to some but not to all the infirmities of evidence of declarations, and rules have been formulated prescribing tests for their admissibility. The distinction between admissions and declarations against interest is very clearly stated by Mr. Chamberlayne in his work on Evidence, Yol. 2, sec. 1235, as follows:
“(a) The admission is the statement of a party; the declaration against interest is made by a third person. (b) To be admissible at all, the declaration against interest must contravene, to the knowledge of the declarant, his pecuniary or proprietary interest. In case of an ad*265mission, such, a state of affairs would enhance the probative weight; it ■would not, however, be essential to admissibility. To secure that, it is .sufficient that the statement should be the voluntary act of the party •and cover a probative or res gestee fact, (c) The declaration against interest is secondary evidence and is incompetent unless the declarant is shown to be dead, absent from the jurisdiction, or unavailable for some ■other sufficient cause. The admission, on the contrary, is primary evidence and is competent though the declarant be present in court and ready to testify. (d) An admission may be made at any time. The ■declaration against interest is incompetent if made post litem motam. (e) The admissibility of a declaration against interest is governed by the rules of sound reason. That of an admission is determined largely "by procedure.”
The same author says, Yol. 4, sec¡. 2770, that the declarant must have "been distinctly conscious at the time of maldng his assertion that it was ■directly opposed to his pecuniary or proprietary interests, that there was “an absence of controlling motive to misrepresent” (sec. 2772) ; that “The burden of proving that the declaration was against the interest of the deceased declarant lies upon the proponment of the evidence” (sec. '2773) ; that “To establish the degree of relevancy or probative force ■upon which this exception to the hearsay rule rests, it is essential that the speaker should possess a present, rather than be expecting to acquire a future interest. He must not only possess this interest in point of ■fact, but be aware that he does so. The willingness of the declarant to minimize his apparent interest must not spring from a desire that a -still greater gain will result by his making an apparently trifling sacri-fice, so that he may be really the victim of a controlling motive to misrepresent while'seemingly forced to speak the truth, though highly injurious to himself. In other words, it is required that the interest in •derogation of which the declarant speaks should be shown by the proponent ío be (1) actual, (2) known to the declarant, (3) the substantial interest involved in the matter” (sec. 2781); that “should the interest of the declarant be erroneously supposed by him to be served by the .statement which he is making, the latter is devoid of probative force, although as the situation actually exists it is very much against his -pecuniary or proprietary interest” (sec. 2782); and “it should be made ■to appear by the proponent that the declarant is not, as it were, making n, jettison, throwing over a small portion of his cargo for the sake of .saving the rest. Should the court come to entertain a suspicion that it is dealing with an attempt to prejudice a small interest for the purpose ■or with the result of saving a large one, the evidence will be rejected” .(sec. 2784).
*266The other text-writers lay down the same general principles, although not usually with the same elaboration, and applying them to the evidence-before us, the declaration of W. S. Roe is incompetent.
We will not put our decision on the ground that the declaration was-not made ante litem motam, which means the beginning of a controversy, and not of an action (Westfeldt v. Adams, 131 N. C., 385), because there is a conflict of authority as to the necessity for this requirement ; but if we did so, it appears that the controversy as to the delivery of the deed had already arisen, as the registration of the deed presumed delivery and the declarant was denying it.
We prefer to deal with the question as to whether the defendant has-sustained the burden of showing that the declaration was against the-interest of the declarant, that “he had no probable motive to falsify the fact declared” (Smith v. Moore, supra), and that there was “a total absence of interest to pervert the fact.” Smith v. Moore, quoting from. Lord Ellenborough.
Whatever else may be in doubt, it is clear that the declarant did not believe it was against his interest to say that the deed of 1881 had not-been delivered, and there was therefore absent the consciousness of self-interest, which takes the place of the oath and cross-examination, and without which the declaration is not admissible.
So far from thinking such a declaration against his interest, he evidently thought the deed of 1881 conveying to him a life estate was injurious to him, because he says he would not accept it. Nor is the-declaration shown to be free from a probable motive to pervert the truth. If the deed of 1881 could be shown to be inoperative, the title to the fee-would be in his father, to which he might reasonably hope to succeed as-heir if he could not procure another deed, and there is no suggestion in the record of any influence which could by any possibility frustrate his-expectation of owning the whole estate one way or the other. The declaration was also made but a short time before the execution of the-deed of 1886 conveying to him the fee, the nearness in point of time permitting an inference of one being a preparation for the other.
We therefore conclude that the evidence ought not to have been admitted; but it is doubtful if the question of delivery is open to the defendant.
The deed of 1886 is not set out in full, but the recital, “it being the-tract of land deeded by the said William Roe and wife to W. S. Roe-during his lifetime,” would seem to be an acknowledgment of the delivery of the deed of 1881, but if this is not binding on the defendant,, the delivery of the deed of 1881 is not only not put in issue by the pleadings, but it is substantially admitted.
It is alleged in the complaint:
*267“1. That on 26 August, 1881, William Roe and wife, Elizabeth Roe, grandparents of the said Bennie Roe and Elijah Roe, conveyed to their son, Winfield Scott Roej father of the plaintiffs, by a deed which is recorded in the registry of Franklin County in Book 60, at page 225, a tract of land in said county of Franklin, which is bounded and described as follows:” (Description omitted.)
The habendum of said deed being as follows: “To have and to hold to him, the said W. S. Roe, during his natural life; and if he should have any living child or children, then to them; or if' his wife, Mary Roe, should survive him, then to her during her lifetime; and after the death of the said W. S. Roe and his wife, Mary Roe, the said W. S. Roe having no children, then said land is to revert back as a part of my estate.”
“2. That on 2 January, 1886, after the deed described in paragraph 1 hereof had been delivered and put to record, the said William Roe and wife executed and delivered to said W. S. Roe a'deed conveying said 50 acres of land to him in fee simple, which deed is recorded in said registry in Book 71, page 269. The record of both of said deeds will be offered in evidence when in the course of the trial of this cause the same becomes necessary.”
The answer to these paragraphs is as follows:
“1. It is admitted that the deed referred to in paragraph 1 of the complaint appears of record in the office of the register of deeds of Franklin County in Book 60, page 225, but in connection therewith, this defendant says that on the date the said deed purports to have been dated, to wit, 26 August, 1881, and the date when the same appears to have been recorded, to wit .., the said plaintiffs, Bennie Roe and Elijah Roe, had neither of them been born, and the said W. S. Roe had never had any children. Mary Roe, wife of W. S. Roe, was living, but died prior to 2 January, 1886, without ever having had any children. And this defendant further says that no consideration passed, or could have passed, from the said plaintiffs to the said William Roe and Elizabeth Roe, grantors in said deed, the sole consideration cited therein being natural love and affection for the said W. S. Roe. This defendant, therefore, insists that' said plaintiffs not being in existence on said 26 August, 1881, and no consideration having passed from them or from any one in their behalf, they did not take, and could not have taken, any estate or interest in the lands described in said deed. Except as herein admitted, paragraph 1 of the complaint is denied.
“2. The execution and delivery of the deed referred to in paragraph 2 of the complaint, whereby William Roe and wife conveyed the said lands to W. S. Roe in fee simple, is admitted; and it is further true that on said 2 January, 1886, the said W. S. Roe had no children or wife, Mary *268Roe, bis former wife, Having died some time prior to said date without ever Having Had any children.”
It thus appears from the first paragraph of the answer that the only attacks made by the defendant on the deed of 1881 are that it was executed when the plaintiffs were not m esse, and that it was without consideration, and from the second that the allegation in the second paragraph of the complaint, that the deed of 1886 was executed after the deed of 1881 “had been delivered and put to record,” is not denied.
We are therefore of opinion, on the whole record, that the plaintiffs are entitled to a
New trial.