The plaintiff sued for personal injuries caused by the bursting of a pepsi-cola bottle, sold to him by defendant, which he was handling in his business as a storekeeper. He alleged that the explosion was caused by the defendant’s negligence. There was evidence tending to show that while the plaintiff was placing some of the bottles taken from a crate on the shelves of his store, one of the bottles burst, or exploded, and so injured his eye that he lost the sight of it.
The plaintiff insisted that the mere fact of the explosion is sufficient • to carry the case to the jury, under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, but we understand that this fact alone was held to be insufficient as evidence of negligence in Dail v. Taylor, 151 N. C., 284, where it appeared that the plaintiff in that case had been injured by the bursting of a coca-cola bottle. Before there can be a recovery for negligence, it must be shown that the person who is sought to be held liable is the author of it has omitted some legal duty which he owed to the injured party. Such breach of duty could be said to exist when a vendor sells goods Having a latent defect of a kind likely to cause some physical injury to the vendee, and of which the vendor was aware or which he should have ascertained by proper care and attention (Wharton on Negligence, sec. 774; 29 Cyc., pp. 430-431), and may be referred to the general principle announced in the notable case of Heaven v. Pender, 11 L. R. (1882-’83), p. 503, where it was said that “Whenever one person is by circumstances placed in such a position towards another that every one of ordinary sense who did think would at once recognize that if he did not use ordinary care and skill in his own conduct with regard to those circumstances, he would cause danger of injury to the person or property of the other, •duty arises to use ordinary care and skill to avoid such danger.” Dail v. Taylor, supra. Beferring to this statement of the principle, it is said. *326in that case by Justice Hoke: First, “Considering the case in this aspect, it is very generally held that, in a claim of this character, a plaintiff is not required to establish his case by direct proof, but the issue must be submitted to the jury whenever facts are shown forth in evidence from which a fair and reasonable inference of negligence may be made.” Speaking to this question, in Sherman & Redfield on Negligence, sec. 58, the authors say: “The plaintiff is not bound to j>rove more than enough to raise a fair presumption of negligence on the part .of the defendant and of resulting injury to himself. Having done this, he is entitled to recover, unless the defendant produces evidence to rebut the presumption. It has sometimes been held not sufficient for the plaintiff to establish a probability of the defendant’s default, but this is going too far. If the facts proved render it probable that the defendant violated its duty, it is for the jury to decide whether it did so or not. To hold otherwise would be to deny the value of circumstantial evidence. As already stated, the plaintiff is not required to prove his case beyond a reasonable doubt, though the facts shown must be more consistent with the negligence of the defendant than the absence of it. It has never been suggested that evidence of negligence should be direct and positive. In the nature of the case, the plaintiff must labor under difficulties in proving the fact of negligence, and as that fact is always a relative one, it is susceptible of proof by evidence of circumstances bearing more or less directly on the fact of negligence — a kind of evidence which might be satisfactory in other classes of eases open to clear proof. This is on the general principle of the law of evidence which holds that to be sufficient and satisfactory evidence which satisfies an unprejudiced mind.” This statement is cited with approval in the opinion of the Court in Fitzgerald v. R. R., 141 N. C., 530-534, and in that case it was held as follows : “Direct evidence of negligence is not required, but the same may be inferred from acts and attendant circumstances; and if the facts proved establish the more reasonable probability that the defendant has been guilty of actionable negligence, the case cannot be withdrawn from the jury, though the possibility of accident may arise on the evidence.” There are instances where this requirement is met by simply proving the occurrence and the resultant injury — a doctrine which finds expression in the phrase, 'Bes ipsa loquitur/ and which has been considered and applied in several recent decisions of this Court, as in Fitzgerald’s case, supra; Ross v. Cotton Mills, 140 N. C., 115; Stewart v. Carpet Co., 138 N. C., 60; Womble v. Grocery Co., 135 N. C., 474.” Discussing the principle, "Bes ipsa loquitur," it is said, in Labatt on Master and Servant, sec. 843, quoted with approval in some of the eases referred to: “The rationale of the doctrine is that in some cases the very nature of the occurrence may of itself, and through the presumption it carries, *327supply the requisite proof; it is applicable when, under the circumstances shown, the accident presumably would not have happened if due care had been exercised. The essential import is that, on the facts proved, the plaintiff has made out a prima facie case without direct proof of negligence.”
It was contended by the plaintiff, in Dail v. Taylor, supra, that the authorities we have cited above applied to his case, and the meré bursting of the bottle was sufficient to show prima facie, at least, that there was negligence on the part of the defendant; but this Court thought that the adoption of that view of the law would not be safe, and that some additional evidence should be required to make out a prima facie case for the plaintiff. It was ruled, though, that where it appeared that bottles of the defendant, filled with coca-cola, had exploded on other occasions, under • similar circumstances, it was evidence sufficient to be submitted by the court to the jury on the question of negligence, as it was not merely conjectural, but formed a basis for a reasonably safe inference that the defendant had not exercised that degree of care which the law exacted of him, under the circumstances, and was proof of that kind of probability as to the conduct of the defendant which was mentioned in the decisions of the Court already cited and quoted from. This principle of the law has been clearly recognized and applied in numerous eases. In Simpson v. Lumber Co., 133 N. C., at pp. 101 and 102, we said: “Where the plaintiff shows damage resulting from the defendant’s act, which act, with the exercise of proper care, does not 'ordinarily produce damage, he makes out a prima facie case of negligence, which cannot be repelled but by proof of care or of some extraordinary accident which renders care useless. Aycock v. R. R., 89 N. C., 321; Lawton v. Giles, 90 N. C., 374; Piggot v. R. R., 54 E. C. L., 228; Craft v. Timber Co., 132 N. C., 151; Ins. Co. v. R. R., 132 N. C., 75. In Aycock v. R. R., 89 N. C., 329, the Court, through Smith, G. J., says: ‘A numerous array of cases are cited in the note (2 A. and E. E. E. Cases, 271) in support of each side of the question as to the party upon whom rests the burden of proof of the presence or absence of negligence, where only the injury is shown, in the case of fire from emitted sparks.’ ” See, also, Currie v. R. R., 156 N. C., 419, and the more recent ease of Simmons v. R. R., at this term. It is icontended by the defendant, though, that the class of cases referring to the emission of sparks from railroad locomotives does not apply , here, but we do not see why it does not, when there is added to the fact of the explosion proof of similar occurrences; and the further fact, which is not denied, that in almost the largest majority of instances, where filled bottles are sold in the trade, there have been no such explosions. The fact last mentioned leads fairly and reasonably to the conclusion that there was something wrong or a failure *328to exorcise due care in tbe filling of tbe bottles wbicb did explode. As tbe pressure came from tbe inside, tbe explosions bave taken place ■ outwardly and scattered fragments of tbe broken glass in every direction. A jury might form more tban a mere conjecture, or a guess, tbat tbe bottle bad been improperly and carelessly charged with tbe carbonic acid gas. We do not see bow tbe pressure from exploding gas could be otherwise tban outwardly, and tbe manner in wbicb tbe bo.ttle exploded, and tbe effect of tbe explosion,.show tbat tbe force applied to tbe walls of tbe bottle was internal, and there was nothing there tbat could bave produced tbe explosion except tbe gas.' It will be well here to refer to tbe testimony. Will Harrison testified: “I work for defendant; bave been its bottler for 10 years. I and tbe other boy tbat works there handle all the bottles. When a car of bottles come to tbe depot, we take them out of tbe car, inspept them, one by one, and put them in tbe crates, with racks — each bottle is in a rack to itself. We throw defective bottles away. We then carry tbe good ones to tbe storehouse and store them away until we get ready to use them. We take them out and wash them, rinse them and put them in boxes and carry them over to tbe machines. When we are washing them, we look through for broken or defective bottles and throw them away. None of them are washed by machinery. When we are ready to fill tbe bottles, we examine them again and throw away all defectives ones. ... I handle tbe bottles carefully. I am as careful as I can be. After I bave tbe bottles filled, I take four at a time, bold them between me and a light, look for cracked bottles and trash, and set all defective bottles aside. I never let a defective bottle go through tbe plant if I know it. I am instructed to look over tbe bottles and set tbe bad ones aside. I was bottling for tbe defendant all of tbe summer and fall of 1914. No one else bottled while I was there. . . . We do not bottle every day, but we do in tbe summer and fall. I get sick sometimes; cannot tell who bottles when I am sick. In tbe carbonator there is water and gas, at tbe same pressure of 75 pounds. Tbe gas from tbe drum makes tbe pressure. You can get as high as 200 pounds of gas from tbe drum. You could get tbe gauge so tbat you could get too much gas. ... I bave noticed, in opening pepsi-cola, tbat if it is not quite full it makes a louder noise tban if it is full. This is caused by gas in tbe bottle.” 'If there is no reliable evidence in this-record of what caused tbe explosion, and tbat tbe cause was an irresistible force from within, wbicb force was tbe expansion of tbe gas or an excessive quantity of it, there can be no possible way of proving it. On a motion to nonsuit, tbe plaintiff is entitled to bave tbe evidence receive tbe construction most favorable to him, and to have rejected all tbat is unfavorable, so tbat tbe portion of it wbicb tends to support bis case may alone be taken into account. Thus viewed, we are *329of the opinion that there was evidence of negligence, which was properly-left to the jury by the court, under correct instructions.
We do not think that the evidence as to the single change of management is sufficient to justify a reversal. The witness stated that “the management was changed only once; Mr. Hooker purchased the business in February and put a new manager there, and in 1915 Mr. Hooker put Mr. Parsons there.” But we do not comprehend how there was any harm done, even if there was a change, as it does not appear, even inferentially, that it was made because of any negligence of Hooker or Parsons. They did not handle the bottles personally, nor was any fault in connection with the explosion imputed to them. The evidence as to the many explosions was clearly admissible. Dail v. Taylor, supra. The comments of Mr. Butler on that case before the jury were legitimate and proper, as they were intended to show that facts, in law, would constitute negligence, and what was relevant evidence of these facts. He was not reading the facts in that case for the purpose of showing how the jury should find the facts to be in this case. The Court said, in Horah v. Knox, 87 N. C., 483: “We are unable to see upon what grounds the course pursued in the argument of counsel, in the particular made the subject of exception, can be deemed an abuse of the right expressly given by statute To argue to the jury the whole case, as well of law as of fact’ (Rev. Code, chap. 31, sec. 57, par. 15), and more especially under the enlarged privilege conferred by a more recent statute (Laws 1874-’75, chap. 144), as interpreted in S. v. Miller, 75 N. C., 73. It is true that the statement of facts contained in an adjudicated case cannot be read to the jury as evidence of their existence in another cause, as pertinent to a pending inquiry, as is declared in Mason v. Pelletier, 82 N. C., 40; nor can the writings and opinions of medical experts contained in a written treatise be used as evidence before a jury. Melvin v. Easley, 46 N. C., 386; Huffman v. Click, 77 N. C., 55. But the reading of the reported case was not for such purposes, but to illustrate a principle of law based upon the supposed, though they may have been actual, facts decided by a Court of high authority. Without the facts, the principle expressed in an abstract form would be of little value in instructing the judicial mind. All treatises upon the law illustrate a legal proposition and challenge its acceptance as correct, by reciting the facts and material circumstances under which it has been held, and the practice of reading from them, as from the report of adjudged cases, is universal and unquestioned in an argument upon a point of law arising in the course of the trial. The privilege of counsel may be abused, but unless grossly abused, the corrective must be left in the hands of the judge who presides and conducts the trial, in the exercise of his sound discretion.” That case has since been frequently approved. In Betts v. *330 Telegraph Co., 167 N. C., at p. 81, it is said: “The objection to Mr. Gatling’s statement to the Court of the facts in Spence v. Telegraph Co., which was decided here by a per curiam order, is not tenable. Counsel was addressing the .court upon a question of law, and trying to sbow the similarity between the facts of that case and those of 'this one, for the purpose of arguing to the court that Spence's case was an authority for the position be bad taken during the trial of this case below.” Counsel was acting strictly within bis rights, and the cases of Horah v. Knox, 87 N. C., 483; Harrington v. Wadesboro, 153 N. C., 437; Chadwick v. Kirkman, 159 N. C., 259, and S. v. Corpening, 157 N. C., 623, fully sustain the ruling of the Court. In those cases the counsel was reading the facts of another case to the jury for the purpose of applying the law of the case to the one in band, and it was held proper for him to do so. It was not improper in the judge to state to the jury that it appeared that plaintiff was injured by the bursting of the bottle, because there was no serious dispute as to it being the cause of the injury, but be correctly told the jury that it amounted to nothing unless it was caused by defendant’s negligence. How could the defendant have been harmed by such a statement from the court? ¥e have commented already upon some of the other exceptions, in passing on the motion to nonsuit. The testimony of Harrison as to the care be used in the examination of bottles for the detection of flaws likely to cause explosions, and the rejection of the suspicious ones, afforded some additional proof to that of the accident in connection with the explosion itself, and the other explosions that bad taken place in the warehouse and elsewhere, to sbow negligence. There can be no doubt that adequate care should have been used by the defendant in examining, inspecting, or testing the bottles previously to discover any defects liable to cause an explosion, or to increase the probability of one, and to “sniff” the bottles for the purpose of expelling the air, in order that they might be properly filled and charged with the gas, but the latter is of an explosive character and should be carefully bandied, so that an excessive quantity may not be introduced, for in such a case a slight rise of temperature might produce sufficient expansion of the gas to cause precisely what happened in this case. The great care exercised by Harrison in bis inspection and search for cracks and flaws tends to prove that the explosion came from the inside and not because of any defect in the bottle, and resulted from a too careless use of the gas, or from an overcharge of it. From the contract of sale with the defendant, .the duty was implied that the seller of the pepsi-cola, put up in bottles and heavily charged with a dangerous and explosive substance, such as carbonic acid gas, would use care and diligence, proportional to the risk of injury, to see that bis customer was not unduly exposed to the danger of the bottles bursting and inflicting personal *331injury. Tbe law is thus stated in 29 Cyc., at pp. 479, 480: “The manu-. facturer or vendor who deals with an article imminently dangerous in kind owes to the public a.positive and active duty of employing care, skill, and diligence to limit that danger. In such case the liability does, not rest upon the ground of warranty, although a warranty may afford an element of the tort by putting the party injured off his' guard and so rendering the negligence effective. Nor does it depend on privity of contract, but arises from a duty not to expose the public to danger. Articles of the kind under consideration are dangerous chemicals, explosives, poisons, or dangerous drugs. But where the proper care has been used, no liability attaches, nor where the injury occurs through a use of the article other than that for which it was furnished.” It is said, at p. 478, that the duty of the seller to exercise proper care in respect to-dangerous articles is enhanced in the case of these persons with whom he has contracted, and. if the wrongful act be not imminently dangerous-to life or property, the negligent vendor is liable only to the party with whom he has a contractual relation. But however this may be, we think that in this case there was some evidence for the jury on the question of negligence, and even strong evidence, that the Bottle was excessively filled with gas.
There was no sufficient evidence, in law, to show any contributory negligence of the plaintiff. No obvious danger was jnesented to him, in the presence of which he continued to handle the bottles, when a man of ordinary prudence and discretion would have refrained from doing so. He had the right to rely on the assurance that the defendant had performed its duty and so inspected and filled the bottle as to prevent any such catastrophe as has resulted in the loss of his eye, or at least reduced the danger to such a minimum as could be attained by the exercise of proper care and caution. A seller may not have knowledge of a danger lurking in his goods, but this lack of knowledge may be produced by his. failure to exercise proper care to acquire it; and knowledge is not an essential or requisite element of liability for the consequence, if the-dangerous character of the goods could be eliminated by the use of that degree of care which the law requires of him under the circumstances. Abstract propositions of law, not pointed to the facts of .the particular case, or not pertinent to them, very often are misleading, and should not be given to a jury for guidance to a correct verdict. There are some-other exceptions, but we think that we have fully covered the ground with respect to those having any merit. The material issues and contentions of the respective parties were carefully set forth by the learned judge, and his charge to the jury is free from any just criticism. He was entirely fair to both parties, and so put the case before the jury that there could be no possible misconception as to the real subject of inquiry- *332or as to tbe evidence and tbe law bearing tbereon. We are disposed to believe tbat, upon all tbe issues, tbe court was more tban fair to the defendant, and tbe latter has no reasonable grounds for complaint. The charge embraced every essential feature of negligence, contributory negligence, assumption of risks, and damages,-and applied tbe law correctly in every instance.
We have discovered no error in tbe case, or record, and must therefore decline to dismiss tbe action or award a new trial, for which tbe defendant has asked.
No error.