This action is brought by plaintiff as trustee in bankruptcy of Luther C. Arrowood to subject certain lands to the charge of certain money alleged to have been wrongfully invested by the bankrupt in building a barn and dwelling-house and in making other improvements thereon with the consent of the owner, William C. Arrowood, and in fraud of the creditors of the bankrupt. The allegations are that this money was invested in the erection of buildings on the land under an agreement that William C. Arrowood should devise the land, known as the home place, to the defendant, his son Luther; that after the contract had been carried out on the part of said defendant, the will which had been executed in pursuance of the agreement was destroyed and another will was' executed devising the property to defendant Laura, the wife of said Luther, which said will was duly probated upon death of William C. Arrowood. Plaintiff further alleges that at the time said Luther was largely indebted and that the money was unlawfully invested for the purpose of defrauding creditors, with the knowledge and consent of William C. Arrowood.
Among other defenses, the defendants plead the statute of limitations as follows: “That said barn and dwelling-house thereon were erected on the land of William Arrowood in 1900, 1905, and 1906, as set forth in the preceding paragraphs; the barn about ten and the dwelling-house about five years before .Luther 0. Arrowood was adjudicated a bankrupt and nearly eleven (11) and six (6) years respectively before the death of William Arrowood, on 22 April, 1911; that for more than three years prior to the institution of this action and for more than three years prior to the adjudication of Luther C. Arrowood as a bankrupt and the death of William Arrowood, the creditors of said Luther C. Arrowood well knew, or could have known by exercise of ordinary care, when said buildings were erected and in what manner they were paid for, and, further, that said Luther C. Arrowood was the agent of and manager of the farm or land of William Arrowood and attended to matters thereon for him, yet brought no action whatever to attempt to recover any portion of said land or premises or to subject same to any trust in order to apply to their debts as against Luther O. Arrowood; that said cause of action, as set forth in the complaint (which are expressly denied), accrued more than three years prior to the institution of this action and .more than three years prior thereto since the creditors of Luther C. Arrowood and this plaintiff knew of the relations of Luther C. Arrowood to the farm of his said father and the manner in which said buildings were erected and paid for; and this defendant hereby expressly pleads the three years statute of limitations, in force in North Carolina, during *593all the periods set forth in the complaint* and now, and then, existing by statute, as well as the bankrupt act, especially 67-E and 10-E thereof, in bar of any recovery in this action, or to enforce any of said alleged claims or causes of action against the land and premises of William Arrowood or to enforce any alleged claim thereon in order to apply to the debts of Luther C. Arrowood.”
We are of opinion that the court erred in holding, as a matter of law, upon the pleadings, that defendant's plea of the statute of limitations, was not a bar to the action, and referring same without first having the plea determined by a jury upon the facts.
In passing upon the sufficiency of the plea as a matter of law, the court must take the facts pleaded to be established. That being so, it appears that the money was invested in the buildings erected upon the land of William C. Arrowood some ten years and five years before defendant Luther was adjudicated bankrupt, that the creditors were fixed with knowledge of the fraud for more than three years before the adjudication in bankruptcy. It is manifest that, under these facts, the bar of the statute could have been successfully interposed by the defendant Luther against his creditors prior to the adjudication in bankruptcy.
In Sinclair v. Teal, 156 N. C., 460, it is held: “The statute runs from the discovery of the fraud, or when it should have been discovered in the exercise of ordinary care.” Pelletier v. Cooperage Co., 158 N. C., ... ; Peacock v. Barnes, 142 N. C., 219; Jefferson v. Lumber Co., 165 N. C., 49.
When the plea of the statute is good against creditors, it is good against a trustee in bankruptcy,, for .the trustee is only subrogated to the rights of creditors and may sue to avoid any conveyance which a creditor could have avoided. Collier on Bankruptcy (10 Ed.), p. 1042 E. '
In Woodman on the Law of Trustee in Bankruptcy, p. 585, it is said: “It is clear that under section I0-E the trustee may avoid transfers made before the commencement of the four months preceding the filing of the bankruptcy petition, as well as during that period, and it is immaterial how long before the four months period a transfer was made, provided the right to avoid it has not been barred by a State statute of limitations prior to the date of the filing of the bankruptcy petition.”
In Sheldon v. Parker, 92 N. W., 923-9-30 (Neb.), the Court said: “A trustee in bankruptcy may maintain an action to set aside a conveyance by the bankrupt at any time within two years after the estate has been closed, provided the action was not barred by the State law at the time when the petition in bankruptcy was filed.”
In re Dunavant, 96 Fed. Reporter, 543 (N. C.), the Court said: “Where in proceedings in bankruptcy creditors impeach a deed of land made to a son of the bankrupt, alleging that it was procured by the *594bankrupt as a means of defrauding bis creditors, but an action to set aside sucb deed would have been barred by tbe statute of limitations in tbe courts of tbe State before tbe adjudication in bankruptcy, tbe bankrupt may plead tbe statute in bar of tbe petition of sucb creditors”; and on page 549 tbe Court said: “It is insisted by creditors tbat tbe statute only began to run from tbe date of tbe discovery of sucb fraud or mistake; Code N. C., sec. 155, subsee. 9, above quoted. Conceding tbat to be true, it appears from tbe evidence tbat all of tbe material facts in tbis matter were known to tbe judgment creditors and tbeir attorney of record more tban three years before tbe filing of. tbe petition in bankruptcy by Dunavant”; and on page 550 tbe Court further says: “Tbe plea of tbe statute of limitations in tbis case interposed by tbe bankrupt is sustained.”
To same effect is Pace's Trustee v. Pace, 172 S. W., 926; 1 Wood on Lim. (4 Ed.), 336.
Tbe court could not properly decide tbat tbe action is not barred upon tbe facts stated in tbe answer, for it is settled tbat if those are tbe true facts it is barred according to tbe authorities. When tbe statute is pleaded by defendant, tbe burden is upon tbe plaintiff to prove tbat bis cause of action accrued within tbe time limited for bringing it. Hussey v. Kirkman, 95 N. C., 66; Sprinkle v. Sprinkle, 159 N. C., 82.
The plea of tbe statute of limitations generally involves a mixed question of law and fact, and when tbe facts are not admitted they must be found by a jury, unless by consent they are found by tbe court. Oldham v. Rieger, 145 N. C., 259.
Sucb plea constitutes a good plea in bar, and it is error to order a reference until tbe plea is disposed of. Jones v. Wooten, 137 N. C., 421; Royster v. Wright, 118 N. C., 152.
Reversed.