after stating tbe case: Tbe exceptions relate mostly to tbe first issue, which was found in favor of tbe defendant, and this fact rendered harmless any error committed by tbe court in regard to that issue, and the judgment is not reversible for that reason. Vickers v. Leigh, 104 N. C., 248; Graves, v. Trueblood, 96 N. C., 496; Perry v. Insurance Co., 137 N. C., 402. But we do not see that there was any error, so far as tbe first issue is concerned.
As to tbe second issue: There was evidence that plaintiff requested tbe agent at Ayden to have tbe packages returned to him at Ayden from Newport News, and defendant undertook to do so. This meets tbe position that there vTas no contract for carriage from Newport News to Ayden, but only one from tbe latter to tbe former place. Tbe evidence sufficiently showed tbe relation of shipper and carrier. Porter v. R. R., 132 N. C., 71. Defendant then contended that there was no evidence, that tbe damage to tbe goods occurred on its line. All tbe evidence in *146the case tends to show that the damage was done on’ its part of the route. The goods were shipped from Newport News to Ayden, and delivered to defendant at Pinner’s Point in good condition. This being so, the principle, as formerly stated by this Court, applies: “On proof that any carrier on the route received the goods in good condition, the burden of proof rests upon such carrier to show delivery in the same condition to the next carrier or to the consignee, it being peculiarly and almost solely within its power to make such proof.” Meredith v. R. R., 137 N. C., 478, citing 3 Wood on Railways, 1926; R. R. v. Tupelo Co., 67 Miss., 35; R. R. v. Emrich, 24 Ill. App., 245; Brintnall v. R. R., 32 Vt., 665; U. S. v. R. R., 191 U. S., 84. See also A. C. Line v. Riverside Mills, 219 U. S., 186. The case falls directly within the principle of Mitchell v. R. R., 124 N. C., 236, where it was held: “Common carriers, while they may limit their common-law liability by special contract, reasonable in its essential features and not contrary to public policy, cannot exempt themselves from the results of their own negligence. In cases of limited liability, proof of shipment and loss or injury makes a prinia facie case for the shipper, and then the burden is upon the carrier to show that the circumstances of the loss bring it within the excepted causes; and when this is shown, the burden still rests upon the carrier of showing that the loss or injury was not due to its own negligence. It is a principle of law, when a particular fact necessary to be proved rests peculiarly within the knowledge of one of-the parties, upon him rests the burden of proof. Among connecting lines of common carriers, the one in whose hands goods are found damaged is presumed to have caused the damage, and the burden is upon it to rebut the presumption.” What the Court said in the opinion is specially applicable to our facts: “It is. the duty'of a common carrier, irrespective of contract, but subject to reasonable regulations, to accept, safely carry and deliver all goods intrusted to it. If the goods are lost, it must show what become of them, and if they are damaged, it must prove affirmatively that they were damaged in some way that would relieve it from responsibility. The plaintiff has a prima facie case when he *147shows the receipt of goods by tbe carrier, and tbeir nondelivery or delivery in a damaged condition. Any further defense is in the nature of confession and avoidance.” 'But, as we have said, the evidence on this branch of the case was, that the defendant received the goods in good order and delivered them to plaintiff in bad condition, as it turned out; therefore, whatever the presumption may be, or wherever the burden of proof may rest, the jury could hardly have found otherwise than they did. It was admittedly the duty of the carrier to transport the goods in reasonable time, and, if he received them in good order, to deliver them to the plaintiff in the like condition. Meredith v. R. R., supra. It was competent for the parties to make an Oral agreement for the shipment of the goods (McConnell v. R. R., 163 N. C., 504; Berry v. R. R., 122 N. C., 1003); but whether we view the ease with respect to defendant’s common-law liability, or according to the stipulations of its usual contracts, as shown in its bills of lading, there was no escape from liability on its part to the plaintiff, the jury having found, as a fact, that the goods were damaged while in its possession.
We do not think the plaintiff was required to elect as to the cause of action upon which he would proceed to trial. He had the right to join the two causes of action, as they were of a kindred nature, though separate and distinct. They arose out of transactions connected with the same subject of action; they both could be made to sound in tort, or both in contract, at plaintiff’s -election, depending upon how he pleaded them, and they also were for injuries to property. So that they answer to several of the requisites for a joinder, as permitted by the statute. Eevisal, sec. 469. Plaintiff was entitled to recover damages upon each separately; on the one, for delay in delivery, or failure to deliver, at Newport News, and on the other, for the damage to the goods during the latter part of the transit, when on their return journey to Ayden. The joinder could be made, and both causes prosecuted to judgment, just as in the case of two promissory notes given by the defendant at different times, which may be united in two separate counts of the complaint and judgment given upon both. The cases cited by defendant in support *148of bis motion to compel an election by tbe plaintiff are not applicable. They refer to a confused joinder in one count, or to two' inconsistent causes of’action improperly joined. In such cases, plaintiff may properly be required to adop>t one and abandon tbe other, or to reform bis complaint, so as to make it square with tbe rules of good pleading. Resides, no barm has come to defendant, as tbe jury found for it on the first issue.
Defendant attacks tbe complaint, as a pleading, because it is so inartificially drawn as not to allege a cause of action for damage to tbe goods on tbe return trip}. We think, though, that while it is not very full or accurate, it is sufficiently so, by liberal, construction — which we are bound to give — to warrant tbe submission of tbe second issue and to support tbe judgment. In order to promote justice and to eschew mere technicalities, so that cases may be decided upon their real merits, we are enjoined to be liberal in construing pleadings. Revisal, sec. 495; Blackmore v. Winders, 144 N. C., 212; Jones v. Henderson, 147 N. C., 120. If defective, tbe pleading has been aided and its deficiencies supplied by tbe verdict. Garrett v. Trotter, 65 N. C., 430. There was no material variance, as defendant could not have been misled. Revisal, secs. 575, 576.
Tbe Carmack amendment is foreign to this case. There was. no attempt to make defendant, as tbe initial carrier, responsible beyond its own line, except under tbe first issue, which tbe jury answered in its favor. It has been held responsible only as tbe final carrier in tbe course of transit, and tbe one from whom tbe go'ods were received by tbe plaintiff in a damaged condition. It is liable, as we have shown, by tbe principles of tbe common law. Tbe doctrine .of connecting carriers, therefore, has no application to tbe case.
Defendant’s prayer for instruction was properly refused. It was not tbe apparent condition of tbe goods at tbe time it delivered them to plaintiff, but their actual condition, that determined its liability. Tbe receipt for tbe goods by tbe plaintiff as being in apparent good order, and without objection at tbe time, was merely evidence for tbe jury upon tbe question as to their condition.
*149It is possible that the jury have found, that the damage was done between Pinner’s Point and Ayden, when, in fact, they should have found that it all occurred at Newport News, while the goods were lying in the warehouse of the steamship company, and this is plausible, if not probably the correct view; but the mistake, if thus made, should have been corrected below by application for the exercise of the discretionary power of the court to set aside the verdict. We cannot help the defendant here.
The other exceptions are fully covered by what has already been said, and require no further discussion.
No error.